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Health Assessment > Week 3: Skin, Hair and Nails > Flashcards

Week 3: Skin, Hair and Nails Flashcards

1
Q

Skin

A

Body’s largest organ

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2
Q

Three layers of skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

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3
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer layer of the skin

  • Thin but tough, cells bound tightly for form protective barrier
  • Avascular, nourished from blood vessels in the skin below

Consists of inner Basal Cell Layer (keratin and melanin) and outer Horny Cell Layer (dead skin cells)

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4
Q

Dermis

A

The middle, supportive layer of the skin

Consists mostly of collagen (connective tissue); resists tearing, elasticity to stretch with movement

Contains:

  • Nerves, sensory receptors, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
  • Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat gland
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5
Q

Subcutaneous

A

Innermost layer of the skin,

Consists of adipose/fatty layer

Function:

  • Stores fat for energy and insulation (temp control)
  • Aids in protection (cushioning effect)
  • Gives skin mobility over structures beneath
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6
Q

Basal Cell Layer

A

Inner layer of the epidermis, consists of keratin (new cells) and melanin (pigmentation)

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7
Q

Horny Cell Layer

A

Outer layer of the epidermis, consists of dead skin cells

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8
Q

Sebum

A
  • lipid substance secreted by the sebaceous glands in the hair follicle
  • lubricates hair and skin
  • prevents water loss
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9
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Sweat glands right on the skin for thermoregulation

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10
Q

Apocrine glands

A

vestigial glands secreting milky substances that produces body odour when interacting with bacteria in the axillae and peri areas

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11
Q

Epidermal Appendages (4)

A

Hair
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Nails

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12
Q

Functions of the skin (10)

A
  1. Protection
  2. Guards the body from microorganisms
  3. Prevents water loss
  4. Sensory/perception (pressure, touch)
  5. Temperature regulation (sweating, heat storage)
  6. Identification
  7. Communication (emotions on skin)
  8. Wound repair
  9. Absorption and excretion
  10. Production of vitamin D (by absorbing UV light and converting cholesterol)
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13
Q

Lanugo

A

fuzzy hair over infant body at birth, lasts a few weeks

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14
Q

Vernix

A

white substance covering the newborn, protects skin in amniotic fluid

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15
Q

Milia

A

baby acne (excess sebum, little white dots)

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16
Q

Integumentary considerations for infants

A

Eccrine glands not fully functional for first few months and subcutaneous layer is insufficient at insulation in newborns, so thermoregulation is really tough for first few months

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17
Q

Integumentary considerations for adolescents (3)

A
  • Increased secretion from apocrine glands (BO)
  • Sebaceous glands more active (acne)
  • Subcutaneous fat deposits increase (weight gain)
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18
Q

Integumentary considerations for pregnant people (3)

A

Linea nigra (line down the midline from extra hormones in body)

Cholasma: hyperpigmentation in the face, can remain post-partum

Striae gravidarum: stretch marks

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19
Q

Integumentary considerations for older people (5)

A
  • Decrease elasticity, subcutaneous fat and muscle tones
  • Decrease in sweat and sebaceous glands in number and function
  • Drier, thinner, more lax skin as a result, and wrinkles
  • Decreased melanocytes, hair starts to grey
  • Hair distribution changes
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20
Q

Skin Mobility

A

The ease with which skin can be pulled (decreases with swelling)

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21
Q

Turgor

A

How quickly the skin returns to its normal position (decreases with age)

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22
Q

Lesion

A

any unexpected finding in the skin tissue

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23
Q

ABCDE

A

Danger signs in pigmented lesions

  • Asymmetry
  • Border irregularity (evenness is good)
  • Colour variation(two or more shades is bad)
  • Diameter greater than 6mm
  • Elevation and evolution
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24
Q

Annular lesion

A

Circular

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25
Q

Confluent lesion

A

lesions that look like they are running or growing together (hives)

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26
Q

Discrete lesion

A

lesions are distinct and remain separate

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27
Q

Grouped lesion

A

clustered lesions (e.g., contact dermatitis)

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28
Q

Gyrated lesion

A

twisted or coiled lesions (usually parasitic)

29
Q

Targeted lesion

A

bullseye (e.g., lyme disease)

30
Q

Linear lesion

A

lesion in a line

31
Q

Polycyclic lesion

A

annular lesions that are starting to grow together

32
Q

Zosteriform lesion

A

linear, but follow a nerve line (e.g., shingles)

33
Q

Macule

A
  • Primary skin lesion
  • Flat colour change <1cm

E.g., freckles

34
Q

Patch

A
  • Primary skin lesion
  • Flat colour change >1cm

E.g., Mongolian spots

35
Q

Papule

A
  • Primary skin lesion
  • Elevated lesion <1cm

E.g., small mole

36
Q

Plaque

A
  • Primary skin lesion
  • Elevated lesion >1cm

E.g., psoriasis

37
Q

Nodule

A
  • Primary skin lesion

- Elevated lesion, hard or soft, >1cm, can extend deeper into dermis

38
Q

Tumor

A
  • Primary skin lesion

- Elevated lesion, hard or soft, >1cm, usually something malignant

39
Q

Wheal

A
  • Primary skin lesion

- anything that’s raised and red

40
Q

Urticaria

A
  • Primary skin lesion

- hives (wheals that have joined together)

41
Q

Vesicle

A
  • Primary skin lesion
  • elevated cavity containing free fluid <1cm

E.g., chickepox

42
Q

Bulla

A
  • Primary skin lesion
  • elevated cavity containing free fluid >1cm

E.g. blister

43
Q

Cyst

A
  • Primary skin lesion
  • Encapsulated, extends into subcutaneous layer, tensely elevates the skin

Eg. Sebaceous cyst

44
Q

Pustule

A
  • Primary skin lesion
  • Encapsulated, pus filled-cavity

E.g. acne

45
Q

Crust

A
  • Secondary skin lesion
  • Dried out exudate that’s left when a lesion dries up

E.g., Scab

46
Q

Scale

A
  • Secondary skin lesion

- Flake of dry skin

47
Q

Fissure

A
  • Secondary skin lesion

- Crack in the skin; dry or moist

48
Q

Erosion

A
  • Secondary skin lesion
  • Scooped out, shallow depression; moist, not a ton of bleeding

E.g., scrape from falling off a bike

49
Q

Ulcer

A
  • Secondary skin lesion
  • Deeper into the dermis, can bleed

E.g., pressure ulcer

50
Q

Excoriation

A
  • Secondary skin lesion
  • Self-inflicted abrasion from intense itching

E.g., mosquito bite

51
Q

Scar

A

A scar…

52
Q

Atrophic Scar

A
  • Secondary skin lesion
  • Caused by thinning of the epidermis, depression in the top skin level

E.g., stretch marks

53
Q

Lichenification

A
  • Secondary skin lesion
  • Caused by prolonged scratching (more than excoriation); can thicken skin

E.g., Elbows, my sacrum

54
Q

Keloid

A
  • Secondary skin lesion
  • Hypertropic scar, excess scar tissue, above the skin, rubbery

E.g., Common in darker skin

55
Q

Hemangiomas

A

Vascular Lesion

Caused by benign proliferation of blood vessels in the dermis

E.g., Port wine stains, strawberry marks

56
Q

Telangiectaces

A

Vascular Lesion

Vascular dilation; permanently enlarged or dilated blood vessels

E.g., Spider or star angioma
Venous lake (common in older people)
57
Q

Purpuric Lesions

A

Vascular Lesion

Usually found with widespread systemic infection, e.g., sepsis and meningitis

Two kinds:
Petechiae: smaller/pinpoint
Purpura: larger, pinpricks are growing together

(blood flowing out of tiny breaks in blood vessels)

58
Q

Secondary Lesion

A

Lesions that have changed over time (scratching, infection, etc.)

59
Q

Primary Lesion

A

Lesions that occur on previously unaltered skin

60
Q

Components of Objective Assessment of Integument (7)

A
  • Colour
  • Temperature
  • Moisture
  • Texture
  • Mobility and Turgor
  • Vascularity or bruising
  • Lesions
61
Q

Components of Objective Assessment of Hair (4)

A
  • Colour
  • Texture
  • Distribution
  • Lesions
62
Q

Components of Objective Assessment of Nails (4)

A
  • Shape and contour
  • Consistency (thickness, firmness, attached)
  • Colour
  • Capillary refill
63
Q

Blanching

A

Technique to check if circulation to the area is compromised or not

64
Q

Edema

A

Fluid accumulation in the tissues, unexpected finding

65
Q

Arrector Pili

A

muscle in the hair follicle that elevates hair upon contraction due to temp or emotion

66
Q

Vellus hair

A

fine faint hair on most of body

67
Q

Terminal hair

A

darker hair found on head, face, axillae, and pubic areas

68
Q

Subjective Assessment of the Integument (12)

A
  1. Previous history of skin disease
  2. Change in pigmentation
  3. Change in a mole
  4. Excessiv dryness or moisture
  5. Pruritus (itchiness)
  6. Excessive bruising
  7. Rash or lesion
  8. Medications
  9. Hair loss
  10. Change in nails
  11. Environmental or occupational hazards
  12. Self-care behaviours
69
Q

Pruritus

A

Itchiness

Health Assessment (8 decks)

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