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HL10522 - Anatomy and Biomechanics > Week 3 - Skeletal Consideration for Movement (bones) > Flashcards

Week 3 - Skeletal Consideration for Movement (bones) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first class lever ?

A

resistance - fulcrum - effort

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2
Q

what is the second class lever ?

A

effort - resistance - fulcrum

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3
Q

what is the third class lever ?

A

fulcrum - effort - resistance

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4
Q

first class lever: example

A

head up and down

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5
Q

second class lever: example

A

plantarflexion

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6
Q

third class lever: example

A

bicep curl

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7
Q

what are the 2 components of bone ?

A
  • organic component

- inorganic component

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8
Q

what % of bone is made of organic component ?

A

35%

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9
Q

what % of bone is made of inorganic component ?

A

65%

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10
Q

what are the characteristics of the organic component of bone ?

A
  • matrix: 1 type of collagen

- cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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11
Q

what are the characteristic of the inorganic component of bone ?

A
  • mineral content: hydroxyapatite (rigid)
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12
Q

what is the general structure of a bone ?

A
  • long bones consist of a DIAPHYSIS and two EPIPHYSES
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13
Q

define metaphysis

A

where the EPIPHYSEAL LINE lives

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14
Q

what are the 2 types of bone ?

A
  • compact

- cancellous

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15
Q

what % of bone mass is compact ?

A

80%

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16
Q

what % of bone mass is cancellous ?

A

20%

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17
Q

what are the characteristic of compact bone ?

A
  • external surface
  • walls of diaphysis
  • principally mechanical function
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18
Q

what are the characteristics of cancellous bone ?

A
  • lattice of fine plates
  • epiphyses of long bone
  • spaces filled with bone marrow
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19
Q

what is longitudinal growth ?

A
  • occurs at epiphyseal plates

- stops at 18-20

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20
Q

what is circumferential growth ?

A
  • diameter increases throughout lifespan

- most rapid in childhood

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21
Q

what is Walff’s Law ?

A

the form of bone will adapt to the load placed upon it

22
Q

define bone remodelling

A

a balanced integration of osteoblast bone formation, osteocyte signalling & osteoclast bone resorption, in response to loads

23
Q

define hypertrophy

A

an INCREASE in bone mass due to OSTEOBLAST activity

24
Q

when does hypertrophy occur ?

A
  • regular physical activity e.g. tennis players in their playing arm
25
Q

define atrophy

A

a DECREASE in bone mass due to OSTEOCLAST activity

26
Q

when does atrophy occur ?

A
  • decrease in bone calcium

- bed-ridden patients, elderly, astronauts

27
Q

what is the axial skeleton ?

A

skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs

28
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton ?

A

bones comprising the body appendages (arms legs)

29
Q

how many bones are in the axial skeleton ?

A

74

30
Q

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton ?

A

126

31
Q

what are the classifications of bones ?

A
  • flat
  • short
  • long
  • irregular
32
Q

what are the 3 types of joints ?

A
  • synarthroses
  • amphiarthroses
  • diathroses
33
Q

define synarthroses joint

A

fibrous joint that can absorb shock while permitting little or NO MOVEMENT of the articulating bones

34
Q

define amphiarthroses joint

A

REDUCE FORCE and permit SOME MOTION between adjacent bone

35
Q

define diarthroses joint

A

joint that FREELY MOVE

36
Q

what are the 6 types of diarthroses joints ?

A
  • gliding
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • condyloid
  • saddle
  • ball and socket
37
Q

define gliding joint

A

articulating surfaces are flat, permitting only non-axial gliding

38
Q

gliding joint: example

A

joint between carpals and tarsals

39
Q

define hinge joint

A

one CONVEX and one CONCAVE articulating surface

40
Q

hinge joint: example

A

knee

41
Q

define pivot joint

A

ROTATION is permitted around one axis

42
Q

pivot joint: example

A

proximal and distal radioulnar joints

43
Q

define condyloid joint

A

ovoid articular surface allowing movement around two axes

44
Q

condyloid joint: example

A

metacarpophalangeal joints

45
Q

define saddle joint

A

similar to condyloid but greater range of motion due to saddle shape of both bones

46
Q

saddle joint: example

A

carpometacarpal joint of thumb

47
Q

define ball and socket joint

A

ROTATION around three axis

48
Q

ball and socket joint: exmaple

A

hip and shoulder

49
Q

define articular cartilage

A

PROTECTIVE layer of connective tissue covering end of articulating bones

50
Q

define articular capsule

A

double-layered membrane that surrounds every synovial joint

51
Q

define synovial membrane

A

lines the deep surface of the articular cartilage

52
Q

define joint stability

A

ability of a joint to RESIST ABNORMAL DISPLACEMENT of the articulating bones

HL10522 - Anatomy and Biomechanics (18 decks)

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