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HL10522 - Anatomy and Biomechanics > Week 3 - Skeletal Consideration for Movement (bones) > Flashcards

Week 3 - Skeletal Consideration for Movement (bones) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first class lever ?

A

resistance - fulcrum - effort

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2
Q

what is the second class lever ?

A

effort - resistance - fulcrum

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3
Q

what is the third class lever ?

A

fulcrum - effort - resistance

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4
Q

first class lever: example

A

head up and down

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5
Q

second class lever: example

A

plantarflexion

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6
Q

third class lever: example

A

bicep curl

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7
Q

what are the 2 components of bone ?

A
  • organic component

- inorganic component

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8
Q

what % of bone is made of organic component ?

A

35%

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9
Q

what % of bone is made of inorganic component ?

A

65%

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10
Q

what are the characteristics of the organic component of bone ?

A
  • matrix: 1 type of collagen

- cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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11
Q

what are the characteristic of the inorganic component of bone ?

A
  • mineral content: hydroxyapatite (rigid)
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12
Q

what is the general structure of a bone ?

A
  • long bones consist of a DIAPHYSIS and two EPIPHYSES
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13
Q

define metaphysis

A

where the EPIPHYSEAL LINE lives

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14
Q

what are the 2 types of bone ?

A
  • compact

- cancellous

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15
Q

what % of bone mass is compact ?

A

80%

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16
Q

what % of bone mass is cancellous ?

A

20%

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17
Q

what are the characteristic of compact bone ?

A
  • external surface
  • walls of diaphysis
  • principally mechanical function
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18
Q

what are the characteristics of cancellous bone ?

A
  • lattice of fine plates
  • epiphyses of long bone
  • spaces filled with bone marrow
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19
Q

what is longitudinal growth ?

A
  • occurs at epiphyseal plates

- stops at 18-20

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20
Q

what is circumferential growth ?

A
  • diameter increases throughout lifespan

- most rapid in childhood

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21
Q

what is Walff’s Law ?

A

the form of bone will adapt to the load placed upon it

22
Q

define bone remodelling

A

a balanced integration of osteoblast bone formation, osteocyte signalling & osteoclast bone resorption, in response to loads

23
Q

define hypertrophy

A

an INCREASE in bone mass due to OSTEOBLAST activity

24
Q

when does hypertrophy occur ?

A
  • regular physical activity e.g. tennis players in their playing arm
25
define atrophy
a DECREASE in bone mass due to OSTEOCLAST activity
26
when does atrophy occur ?
- decrease in bone calcium | - bed-ridden patients, elderly, astronauts
27
what is the axial skeleton ?
skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs
28
what is the appendicular skeleton ?
bones comprising the body appendages (arms legs)
29
how many bones are in the axial skeleton ?
74
30
how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton ?
126
31
what are the classifications of bones ?
- flat - short - long - irregular
32
what are the 3 types of joints ?
- synarthroses - amphiarthroses - diathroses
33
define synarthroses joint
fibrous joint that can absorb shock while permitting little or NO MOVEMENT of the articulating bones
34
define amphiarthroses joint
REDUCE FORCE and permit SOME MOTION between adjacent bone
35
define diarthroses joint
joint that FREELY MOVE
36
what are the 6 types of diarthroses joints ?
- gliding - hinge - pivot - condyloid - saddle - ball and socket
37
define gliding joint
articulating surfaces are flat, permitting only non-axial gliding
38
gliding joint: example
joint between carpals and tarsals
39
define hinge joint
one CONVEX and one CONCAVE articulating surface
40
hinge joint: example
knee
41
define pivot joint
ROTATION is permitted around one axis
42
pivot joint: example
proximal and distal radioulnar joints
43
define condyloid joint
ovoid articular surface allowing movement around two axes
44
condyloid joint: example
metacarpophalangeal joints
45
define saddle joint
similar to condyloid but greater range of motion due to saddle shape of both bones
46
saddle joint: example
carpometacarpal joint of thumb
47
define ball and socket joint
ROTATION around three axis
48
ball and socket joint: exmaple
hip and shoulder
49
define articular cartilage
PROTECTIVE layer of connective tissue covering end of articulating bones
50
define articular capsule
double-layered membrane that surrounds every synovial joint
51
define synovial membrane
lines the deep surface of the articular cartilage
52
define joint stability
ability of a joint to RESIST ABNORMAL DISPLACEMENT of the articulating bones

HL10522 - Anatomy and Biomechanics (18 decks)

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