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Endocrine > Week 3 Review Q's > Flashcards

Week 3 Review Q's Flashcards

anatomy of thyroid gland (1-40) physio of thyroid hormone actions (41-74) pharma of thyroid disorder treatments (75-104) micro immunepathogenesis of autoimmune diseases of the thyroid (105-134) Thyroid hormone synthesis biochem (135-170) (anatomy) LAB/practical (170-172) Clinical skills slides (173-186) seminar biochem (187-211) pathology of thyroid (212-252) patho lab (253-262)

1
Q

Which vertebra is the thyroid gland in front of?

A

C5-T1

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2
Q

During thyroid gland enlargement, where does the thyroid move?

A

inferiorly

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3
Q

What percent of thyroids have a pyramidal lobe?

A

50%

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4
Q

Whats a levator glandulae thyroideae?

A

fibrous/fibromuscular band that stretches from the pyramidal lobe to the body of the hyoid bone above

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5
Q

Which fascia surrounds the thyroid?

A

pretracheal fascia

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6
Q

Patient comes in with swelling in the neck, it can either be lymph or thyroid swelling. How can you determine the diagnosis?

A

palpate and ask patient to swallow, it it moves then its a thyroid enlargement

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7
Q

What gives rise to the superior thyroid artery?

A

external carotid artery

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8
Q

What gives arterial supply to the posterior aspect of the thyroid?

A

inferior thyroid artery

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9
Q

What gives rise to the inferior thyroid artery?

A

thyrocervical trunk of Subclavian artery

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10
Q

What gives arterial supply to the anterior aspect of the thyroid?

A

superior thyroid artery

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11
Q

Where does the Inferior thyroid vein drain into?

A

Brachiocephalic vein

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12
Q

Where does the middle thyroid vein drain into?

A

internal jugular vein

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13
Q

What controls the secretion of hormones from the thyroid?

A

TSH

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14
Q

What controls the blood supply to the thyroid?

A

Superior, middle, and Inferior cervical sympathatic Ganglion (vasculomotor)

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15
Q

Patient does surgery to correct hyperparathyroidism by removing the thyoid gland. After surgery, their voice becomes harsh due to the inactivity of the cricothyroid muscle. which nerve is affected? a. External laryngeal Nerve b. Recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

a. External laryngeal Nerve (both laryngeal nerves cause voice changes when damaged)

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16
Q

While trying to remove the superior thyroid which is true? a. Thyroidectomy should be lateral/away from the gland b. Thyroidectomy should be close to the gland

A

b. Thyroidectomy should be close to the gland

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17
Q

What gives arterial supply to the isthmus of the thyroid?

A

Thyroid ima

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18
Q

While trying to remove the inferior thyroid which is true? a. Thyroidectomy should be lateral/away from the gland b. Thyroidectomy should be close to the gland

A

a. Thyroidectomy should be lateral/away from the gland

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19
Q

Patient does surgery to correct hyperparathyroidism by removing the thyoid gland. After surgery, they complain of excessive dryness of mouth? a. External laryngeal Nerve b. Recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

b. Recurrent laryngeal nerve (mucus membrane supplied by nerve)

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20
Q

parafollicular cell secretion is controlled by

A

blood calcium levels

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21
Q

What two things can be found in epithelial follicles of the thyroid gland?

A

colloid and thyroglobulin (paler gelatinous protein)

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22
Q

Which cell lines follicles of the thyroid gland?

A

follicular cells or thyrocytes

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23
Q

Which cell shape lines follicles of the thyroid gland?

A

inactive gland = surrounded by squamous active gland = surrounded by columnar or cuboidal

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24
Q

follicular cell secretion is controlled by

A

TSH

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25
Q

What do C cells secrete?

A

calcitonin (C cells aka parafollicular cells)

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26
Q

Which of the following appears darker under H&E? a. follicular cells b. parafollicular cells

A

a. follicular cells

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27
Q

Which of the following appears larger under H&E? a. follicular cells b. parafollicular cells

A

b. parafollicular cells

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28
Q

What moves iodide to the follicular cell?

A

Na+/I- symporter

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29
Q

What moves iodide to the colloid?

A

I-/Cl- transporter aka pendrin

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30
Q

What enzyme transforms iodide to iodine?

A

thyroperoxidase

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31
Q

in the colloid, one iodine attached to the tyrosine of thyroglobulin. What does this create?

A

monoiodotyrosine (MIT)

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32
Q

What is produced when a monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT) join together?

A

triiodothyronine (T3)

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33
Q

What makes it easier to remove the thyroid from the parathyroid?

A

the thin connective tissue capsule

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34
Q

What two locations is the thyroid derived from?

A

endoderm and the fifth pharyngeal pouch

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35
Q

in the colloid, two iodines attached to the tyrosine of thyroglobulin. What does this create?

A

diiodotyrosine (DIT)

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36
Q

What is the origin of parafollicular cells?

A

they’re from the ultimobranchial body, which is derived from the 5th pharyngeal pouch

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37
Q

Which occurs due to thyroglossal duct remnants? a. thyroglossal cyst b. thyroglossal fistula c. both

A

c. both

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38
Q

Which is derived from the foramen cecum? a. follicular cells b. parafollicular cells

A

a. follicular cells

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39
Q

Which is open to the surface/skin? a. thyroglossal cyst b. thyroglossal fistula c. both

A

b. thyroglossal fistula

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40
Q

A patient who recently had his thyroid removed still has T3 and T4 in his circulation. What can explain this?

A

accessory thyroid glandular tissue

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41
Q

Besides the thyroid glands, where can T3/4 be found?

A

liver and kidney (1/3)

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42
Q

Which has a faster turnover rate? a. T3 b. T4 c. both the same

A

a. T3 (10%/day for T4 versus 70%/day for T3)

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43
Q

Which buffers acute changes in hormone secretion? a. T3 b. T4 c. both

A

b. T4

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44
Q

Which is biologically active? a. reverse T3 b. T3 c. T4

A

b. T3

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45
Q

Which is most abundant? a. reverse T3 b. T3 c. T4

A

c. T4

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46
Q

Which of the following converts T4 to reverse T3? a. Deiodinase type 1 b. Deiodinase type 2 c. Deiodinase type 3 d. A&B

A

c. Deiodinase type 3 (benov’s note also had D1)

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47
Q

Which enzyme allows iodine to bind to the tyrosine of thyroglobulin?

A

thyroperoxidase

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48
Q

Describe the concentration of iodine in the plasma versus in the follicular cell

A

30 times more concentrated in the follicular cell

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49
Q

Which of the following inactivates T4? a. Deiodinase type 1 b. Deiodinase type 2 c. Deiodinase type 3 d. A&B

A

c. Deiodinase type 3

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50
Q

Which plasma protein do most thyroid hormones bind to?

A

Thyroxine binding globulin

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51
Q

Which of the following activates T4? a. Deiodinase type 1 b. Deiodinase type 2 c. Deiodinase type 3 d. A&B

A

d. A&B (T4 to T3)

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52
Q

Which of the following has more T4 binding to it than T3? a. albumin b. thyroxine binding pre-albumin

A

b. thyroxine binding pre-albumin

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53
Q

Which has a stronger negative inhibition effect? a. reverse T3 b. T3 c. T4

A

b. T3

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54
Q

Which of the following has more T3 binding to it than T4? a. albumin b. thyroxine binding pre-albumin

A

a. albumin

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55
Q

Which hormone increases the growth and vascularity of the thyroid gland?

A

TSH (Iodide salts: Reduces the size and vascularity of hyperplastic thyroid glands)

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56
Q

Young patient with low thyroid hormones has abnormally short stature. Explain the mechanism.

A

thyroid hormones stimulate growth hormone action and other hormones to promote bone formation

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57
Q

Oxygen consumption of which tissues are not sensitive to thyroid hormones and why?

A

adult brain, testis, and spleen because they lack mitochondrial TH receptors

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58
Q

Patient had a lack of TSH for a long time. What happened to his thyroid?

A

atrophy

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59
Q

Explain the mechanism behind tremors in hyperthyroidism

A

TH interact with the sympathetic branch of the ANS; beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation

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60
Q

What two things stimulate pulmonary surfactant formation?

A

thyroid hormones and fetal adrenal gland

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61
Q

When is the thyroid hormone are anabolic?

A

when they have a low physiologic amount, they have a protein anabolic effect decreasing nitrogen excretion

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62
Q

Describe thyroid hormone levels in Hashimoto thyroiditis

A

initially high levels, but as the destruction of follicular tissue occurs it becomes low

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63
Q

Antibodies against which of the following are called anti microsomal antibodies? a. thyroglobulin b. thyroid peroxidase

A

b. thyroid peroxidase (aka anti-peroxidase antibodies)

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64
Q

A low IQ in which of the following is reversible? a. Infantile hypothyroidism b. congenital hypothyroidism

A

a. Infantile hypothyroidism (occurs during childhood; give PTH to reverse it)

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65
Q

Which of the following causes carpal tunnel syndrome? a. hypothyroidism b. hyperthyroidism

A

a. hypothyroidism

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66
Q

Which of the following is caused by IgG1 antibodies? a. Hashimoto thyroiditis b. Graves disease

A

b. Graves disease

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67
Q

Which receptor do IgG1 antibodies bind to?

A

TSH receptors

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68
Q

Which of the following causes pretibial myxoedema? a. hypothyroidism b. hyperthyroidism

A

b. hyperthyroidism

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69
Q

Which of the following causes a bruit or murmur? a. hypothyroidism b. hyperthyroidism

A

b. hyperthyroidism

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70
Q

Which of the following causes menorrhagia? a. hypothyroidism b. hyperthyroidism

A

a. hypothyroidism

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71
Q

Which of the following causes exophthalmos? a. hypothyroidism b. hyperthyroidism

A

b. hyperthyroidism

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72
Q

Which of the following has low TRH? a. Primary hypothyroidism b. Pituitary hypothyroidism c. Hypothalamic hypothyroidism

A

c. Hypothalamic hypothyroidism

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73
Q

Which of the following has low TSH? a. Primary hypothyroidism b. Pituitary hypothyroidism c. Hypothalamic hypothyroidism

A

b. Pituitary hypothyroidism

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74
Q

Describe TRH and TSH values in graves disease

A

both low

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75
Q

What stimulates the transcription of the Na+/I- symporter gene?

A

TSH

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76
Q

What is required during the iodide to iodine transformation by thyroperoxidase?

A

H2O2, Hydrogen peroxide

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77
Q

Which of the following causes hypothyroidism? a. Hashimoto thyroiditis b. Graves disease

A

a. Hashimoto thyroiditis

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78
Q

What antipsychosis medication causes hypothyroidism?

A

lithium

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79
Q

Whats the main way that TSH regulates thyroid function?

A

Uptake of iodide by follicle cells, by stimulating transcription of the iodide transporter genes

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80
Q

Explain why pregnant women are more prone to hypothyroidism

A

because they produce antibodies to their own thyroid gland

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81
Q

Which of the following can be taken orally? a. Levothyroxine b. Liothyronine c. Liotrix d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

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82
Q

Which of the following has a fast peak and a short duration? a. Levothyroxine b. Liothyronine c. Liotrix d. all of the above

A

b. Liothyronine

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83
Q

A pregnant women (in the last trimester) with low thyroid hormones comes in with high blood pressure that lasted for a week. Whats the possible cause?

A

hypothyroidism increases the risk of preeclampsia — a condition that causes a significant rise in a woman’s blood pressure during the last three months of pregnancy

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84
Q

Which of the following can be given via IV? a. Levothyroxine b. Liothyronine c. Liotrix d. all of the above

A

a. Levothyroxine

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85
Q

Liotrix is a mixture of T3 and T4, but at which ratio?

A

1:4

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86
Q

What kind of drugs are contraindicated in a patient whos taking thyroid hormones?

A

Drugs that induce CYP450 enzymes because they can accelerate the metabolism of the thyroid hormones and may decrease their effectiveness.

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87
Q

Which of the following is preferred in Myxoedema coma? a. Levothyroxine b. Liothyronine c. Liotrix d. all of the above

A

b. Liothyronine (Myxedema coma = severe hypothyroidism leading to decreased mental status, hypothermia, and other symptoms related to slowing of function in multiple organs. It is a medical emergency with a high mortality rate.)

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88
Q

How can giving thyroid hormone drugs beneficial in some cancers?

A

some cancers are TSH-dependent, so giving T3/4 reduces the TSH and helps treat

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89
Q

Which of the following is caused by hyperthyroidism? a. Hashimoto thyroiditis b. Graves disease

A

b. Graves disease

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90
Q

Which of the following causes more frequent bowl movements? a. hypothyroidism b. hyperthyroidism

A

b. hyperthyroidism

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91
Q

How many doses of radioactive iodine is given to treat hyperthyroidism?

A

one dose

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92
Q

What’s the half-life for radioactive iodine?

A

8 days

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93
Q

What has a longer half-life? a. Methimazole b. Propylthiouracil c. both d. neither

A

a. Methimazole

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94
Q

Which is preferred in Pregnant women? a. Methimazole b. Propylthiouracil c. both d. neither

A

b. Propylthiouracil (less likely to cross barriers)

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95
Q

Which inhibits the release of preformed thyroid hormone? a. Methimazole b. Propylthiouracil c. both d. neither

A

d. neither

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96
Q

Which is mainly used to relief symptoms of hyperthyroidism? a. Iodide salts b. Propylthiouracil c. Propranolol d. Methimazole

A

c. Propranolol

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97
Q

Which is used to treat thyroid storms? a. Iodide salts b. Propylthiouracil c. Propranolol d. Methimazole

A

a. Iodide salts (transient effects)

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98
Q

Which TWO inhibit T4 to T3 conversion? a. Iodide salts b. Propylthiouracil c. Propranolol d. Methimazole

A

b. Propylthiouracil & c. Propranolol

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99
Q

Which causes a metallic taste in the mouth? a. Iodide salts b. Propylthiouracil c. Propranolol d. Methimazole

A

a. Iodide salts

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100
Q

Which TWO cause hypoprothrombinemia? a. Iodide salts b. Propylthiouracil c. Propranolol d. Methimazole

A

b. Propylthiouracil & d. Methimazole

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101
Q

Which reduces hyperplastic thyroid gland vascularity? a. Iodide salts b. Propylthiouracil c. Propranolol d. Methimazole

A

a. Iodide salts

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102
Q

Why do Propylthiouracil & Methimazole need weeks to start working?

A

because they don’t stop the release of preformed hormones, so in those weeks the body is releasing what it previously made

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103
Q

Which has a lower incidence of side effects? a. Methimazole b. Propylthiouracil

A

a. Methimazole

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104
Q

Which has a possible adverse effect of tongue or larynx swelling? a. Iodide salts b. Propylthiouracil c. Propranolol d. Methimazole

A

a. Iodide salts

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105
Q

most autoimmune diseases are a. monogenic b. polygenic

A

b. polygenic

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106
Q

T/F: autoimmune thyroiditis can cause either hypo/hyperthyroidism, but it always has goiter to go along with it

A

false, yes it causes hypo/hyperthyroidism but it doesn’t have to have a goiter (some are with some are without)

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107
Q

Which of the following suppresses the immune system? a. IL-23 b. IL-4 c. IL-10 d. IL-15 e. IL-21 f. IL-12

A

c. IL-10

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108
Q

Which TWO of the following activate Th1? a. IL-23 b. IL-4 c. IL-10 d. IL-15 e. IL-21 f. IL-12

A

d. IL-15 & f. IL-12

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109
Q

What three proteins are targeted by lymphocyte made antibodies in autoimmune thyroiditis?

A

Thyroid peroxidase Thyroglobulin Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor

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110
Q

Which of the following does graves disease cause? a. hypothyroidism b. hyperthyroidism c. both

A

b. hyperthyroidism

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111
Q

Which of the following does Hashimoto’s thyroiditis cause? a. hypothyroidism b. hyperthyroidism c. both

A

c. both (hyper initially and hypo eventually)

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112
Q

Which TWO of the following activate Th17? a. IL-23 b. IL-4 c. IL-10 d. IL-15 e. IL-21 f. IL-12

A

a. IL-23 & e. IL-21

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113
Q

Which is NOT a sign of hypothyroidism? a. periorbital edema b. infertility c. paresthesia d. yellow skin d. proximal muscle weakness

A

d. proximal muscle weakness (a symptom of hyper)

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114
Q

Which of the following activates Th2? a. IL-23 b. IL-4 c. IL-10 d. IL-15 e. IL-21 f. IL-12

A

b. IL-4

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115
Q

Why does Hashimoto’s thyroiditis cause hyperthyroidism initially?

A

the inflammation breaks down the follicles and releases the hormones

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116
Q

Why do patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis have low iodine uptake?

A

Thyroglobulin & Thyroid peroxidase are targeted by autoantibodies. They function to uptake iodine, so when they’re targeted iodine uptake is affected.

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117
Q

Which of the following thyroid antigens are targeted in Graves disease? a. Thyroid peroxidase b. Thyroglobulin c. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor

A

c. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor

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118
Q

Which of the following is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis associated with? a. toxic goiter b. lymphocytic infiltration c. subclinical hyperthyroidism d. the presence of anti TSH receptors

A

b. lymphocytic infiltration (she put this Q in class)

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119
Q

Which of the following increases TSH by increasing follicle size? a. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin b. Thyroid growth immunoglobulin c. Thyroid binding- inhibiting immunoglobulin

A

b. Thyroid growth immunoglobulin

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120
Q

Which is Th1 predominated? a. Grave’s disease b. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis c. both

A

b. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (Th1= cell mediates immunity)

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121
Q

chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is also called

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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122
Q

Which of the following is more likely to be targeted in graves disease? a. Thyroid growth immunoglobulin b. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin c. Thyroid binding- inhibiting immunoglobulin

A

b. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin

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123
Q

Which has tissue destruction? a. Grave’s disease b. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis c. both

A

b. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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124
Q

What thyroid condition is more common in middle-aged women?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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125
Q

Which has lymphocytic infiltration? a. Grave’s disease b. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis c. both

A

c. both

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126
Q

Which of the following causes hypothyroidism when attacked? a. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin b. Thyroid growth immunoglobulin c. Thyroid binding- inhibiting immunoglobulin

A

c. Thyroid binding- inhibiting immunoglobulin

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127
Q

Which is Th2 predominated? a. Grave’s disease b. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis c. both

A

a. Grave’s disease (Th2= humoral immunity)

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128
Q

autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS) is caused by which gene?

A

AIRE gene

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129
Q

What mechanism defect causes autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS)?

A

failure of central tolerance

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130
Q

Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome is caused by which gene?

A

FOXP3

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131
Q

What is deficient in IPEX syndrome?

A

functional T reg cells

132
Q

Which gene causes bamboo spine? What disease is this found in?

A

HLA-B27, ankylosing spondylitis

133
Q

What do TSHR antibodies cause? a. hypothyroidism b. hyperthyroidism

A

b. hyperthyroidism (graves)

134
Q

The “stare sign” is found in which of the following? a. Grave’s disease b. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis c. both

A

a. Grave’s disease

135
Q

How does the Na+/I- symporter gets its power?

A

the Na+/K+ ATPase is a secondary transporter, the symporter uses the Na concentration generated by it to get iodide into the cell

136
Q

Where is the Na+/I- symporter located? a. apical cell membrane b. basolateral cell membrane

A

b. basolateral cell membrane

137
Q

Does pendrin need ATP to get iodide out of the cell and into the lumen?

A

no, it uses facilitated diffusion

138
Q

What do you get when you combine a tyrosine, a phenyl ring, and two iodine molecules?

A

thyroxine (T4)

139
Q

Which is more heavily regulated? a. Cl-/I- transporter b. Na+/I- symporter

A

b. Na+/I- symporter

140
Q

What’s the rate-limiting enzyme of protein iodination?

A

dual oxidase (DUOX) (this enzyme makes H2O2, that is the rate-limiting step of protein iodination)

141
Q

Where is H2O2 made? a. apical cell membrane b. basolateral cell membrane

A

a. apical cell membrane

142
Q

What two things does the dual oxidase (DUOX) enzyme require to function?

A

Ca2+ and NADH

143
Q

Whats the most abundant protein in the thyroid gland?

A

thyroglobulin

144
Q

How many tyrosyl residues in a thyroglobulin molecule?

A

two identical chains with around 132 tyrosyl residues

145
Q

What does the dual oxidase (DUOX) enzyme do? Where?

A

make H2O2 at the apical cell membrane

146
Q

What percent of the tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin are iodinated?

A

33%

147
Q

Transthyretin carries which hormone? a. T3 b. T4 c. both

A

b. T4

148
Q

Albumin carries which hormone?

  1. T3
  2. T4
  3. both
A

c. both (but more T3 than T4)

149
Q

Which of the following inactivates T3 (by making it into T2)? a. Deiodinase type 1 b. Deiodinase type 2 c. Deiodinase type 3 d. A&B

A

c. Deiodinase type 3

150
Q

Which of the following converts reverse T3 into T2? a. Deiodinase type 1 b. Deiodinase type 2 c. Deiodinase type 3 d. A&B

A

d. A&B

151
Q

T/F: more iodide is formed inside the gland than what enters the cell from the blood daily

A

true (we recycle so much, that’s why we don’t need that much iodine)

152
Q

Which of the following removes an I2 molecule from the outer ring? a. Deiodinase type 1 b. Deiodinase type 2 c. Deiodinase type 3 d. A&B

A

d. A&B (removing from the outer ring activates)

153
Q

How do you treat congenital goiter?

A

give large amounts of iodide (this is not congenital hypothyroidism. congenital hypothyroidism is untreatable because the CNS didn’t develop)

154
Q

What happens in D2 expressing cells during adaptation to cold? What mediates this reaction?

A

stimulation of D2 expression increases local T3 production, resulting in increased saturation of T3 receptors. This increase can be mediated by norepinephrine (NE) stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors (βARs)

155
Q

Which enzyme is defective in congenital goiter?

A

thyroid deiodinase

156
Q

Which of the following removes an I2 molecule from the inner ring? a. Deiodinase type 1 b. Deiodinase type 2 c. Deiodinase type 3 d. A&B

A

c. Deiodinase type 3 (removing from the inner ring deactivates)

157
Q

Which causes goiter? a. Insufficient iodine b. Excess iodide

A

a. Insufficient iodine (goiter as an attempt to compensate)

158
Q

Describe the mechanism of Wolff-Chaikoff effect?

A

Iodopeptide(s) are formed that temporarily inhibit TPO mRNA and protein synthesis and, therefore, thyroglobulin iodination. It prevents the thyroid from synthesizing large quantities of thyroid hormones. It lasts for few days and then, through the so-called “escape” phenomenon, the organification of intrathyroidal iodide resumes and the normal synthesis of T4 and T3 resumes.

159
Q

How does TSH stimulate thyroid hormone synthesis? (4 ways)

A

Expression of NIS, TPO, and Thyroglobulin Generate of H2O2 Formation of T3 relative to T4 Internalization of Tg

160
Q

When does the thyroid hormones act metabolically and when does it act anabolically?

A

At higher than normal concentrations -> catabolic = glycogenolysis, breakdown of muscle proteins, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis and ketone synthesis At lower than normal concentrations -> anabolic = glycogenesis and protein synthesis

161
Q

T/F: thyroid response elements (TREs) bind to specific nucleotide sequences in the genes they regulate when hormones are present

A

false, They bind whether and regulate whether or not the hormone is present

162
Q

What is cretinism?

A

A deficiency of thyroid hormone in infants

163
Q

homodimers are composed of

A

two thyroid hormone receptors

164
Q

heterodimers are composed of

A

thyroid hormone receptors and other nuclear receptor family members (EX/ retinoic acid receptor (RXR))

165
Q

T/F: Thyroid hormone receptors bind T3 100 times stronger than T4

A

false, they bind T3 about 10 times stronger than T4

166
Q

When does the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) bind with a corepressor complex? a. Upon binding T3 b. In the absence of T3

A

b. In the absence of T3

167
Q

When does the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) bind with a coactivator? a. Upon binding T3 b. In the absence of T3

A

a. Upon binding T3

168
Q

Which mechanism of action contribute to cell structure and its basal metabolic rate and can regulate the proliferation of cells? a. genomic b. nongenomic

A

b. nongenomic

169
Q

T/F: Gene expression cannot be modulated unless a thyroid hormone receptor goes to the nuclei and directly activates/suppresses it

A

false, gene expression can be modulated from the cell surface by the hormone, without its entry into the cell.

170
Q

Whats the calorigenic effect?

A

modulates the resting metabolic rate (RMR), it also involves stimulation of cellular respiration simultaneously with reduced metabolic efficiency

171
Q

What two cells make up the parathyroid gland?

A

principal/chief cells oxyphil cells

172
Q

Which is larger and lighter staining? a. chief cells b. oxyphil cells

A

b. oxyphil cells

173
Q

What’s the difference between exophthalmos and lid retraction?

A

in exophthalmos, you can see the whites of the eye both on the top and bottom of the eye (due to the anterior bulging of the eye) in lid retraction, you can only see the whites on the top of the eye

174
Q

What are four features specific for Grave’s disease only?

A
  1. goiter with bruit
  2. pretibial myxedema
  3. finger clubbing
  4. vitiligo
  5. chemosis
  6. corneal ulcer (there are more)
175
Q

What’s the difference between thyroid thrill and bruit?

A

Thrill is a vibration accompanying a cardiac or vascular murmur that can be palpated. Bruit is a continuous sound that is heard over the thyroid mass

176
Q

Which of the following causes loss of lateral eyebrows? a. hypothyroidism b. hyperthyroidism

A

a. hypothyroidism

177
Q

Which of the following large tongue? a. hypothyroidism b. hyperthyroidism

A

a. hypothyroidism

178
Q

Which helps evaluate the function of the gland? a. thyroid scan b. thyroid uptake

A

b. thyroid uptake

179
Q

Which represents a hyperfunctioning region? a. hot nodule b. cold nodule

A

a. hot nodule

180
Q

Which can damage the cells of the thyroid gland? a. I-131 b. Tc-99m c. both

A

a. I-131

181
Q

Which is used to diagnose the thyroid gland? a. I-131 b. Tc-99m c. both

A

c. both

182
Q

Which can be used by the thyroid gland? a. I-131 b. Tc-99m c. both

A

a. I-131 (Tc-99m enters then leaves, it cannot be incorporated like I-131 can)

183
Q

Describe the thyroid hormone levels of multinodular goiter over time

A

hyperthyroidism initially but they eventually settle to a hypothyroid state

184
Q

Which emits gamma rays? a. I-131 b. Tc-99m c. both

A

c. both (gamma rays=used for imaging)

185
Q

Which emits beta particles? a. I-131 b. Tc-99m c. both

A

a. I-131 (beta particles=kills cells)

186
Q

Patient comes in two weeks after a bad cold with high T4 levels. Thyroid uptake tests shows no uptake. What’s the likely diagnosis?

A

subacute thyroiditis (De Quervain’s)

187
Q

Which of the following is the main activating enzyme a. Deiodinase type 1 b. Deiodinase type 2 c. Deiodinase type 3

A

b. Deiodinase type 2

188
Q

Which of the following is the main inactivating enzyme a. Deiodinase type 1 b. Deiodinase type 2 c. Deiodinase type 3

A

c. Deiodinase type 3

189
Q

Which micronutrient is needed for deiodinase activity?

A

Selenium, present in the active site of deiodinases

190
Q

Whats the result of de-iodinating the outer ring of T4?

A

active T3

191
Q

Where is most T3 in the body made?

A

from the deiodination of T4 in peripheral tissues (80%), the rest of the 20% is released from the thyroid

192
Q

Cold stress increases the expression (50-folds) of which of the following? a. Deiodinase type 1 b. Deiodinase type 2 c. Deiodinase type 3

A

b. Deiodinase type 2

193
Q

Whats the result of de-iodinating the inner ring of T4?

A

inactive reverse T3

194
Q

What percent of vital functions depends on T3?

A

About 30%

195
Q

Which facultative thermogenesis method uses glycolysis as the main source for heat production? a. Shivering thermogenesis b. Non-Shivering thermogenesis c. both

A

a. Shivering thermogenesis

196
Q

Which tissues does futile cycling primarily occur in?

A

brown/white adipose brain muscle

197
Q

Which catecholamine does cold weather induce to activate futile cycling?

A

norepinephrine

198
Q

Whats the most important protein in brown adipose that helps futile cycling?

A

uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)

199
Q

What does the proton pump/gradient produce during futile cycling in brown adipose? a. ATP b. heat

A

b. heat

200
Q

What two hormones mediate non-shivering thermogenic futile cycling in brown adipose tissue?

A

T3 and norepinephrine

201
Q

What does the proton pump/gradient produce during futile cycling in white adipose? a. ATP b. heat

A

a. ATP (ATP synthesis and hydrolysis cycle generates the heat)

202
Q

T/F: T3 causes local hyperthyroidism

A

true

203
Q

What are the 4 ways that T3 helps in futile cycling of adipose tissue?

A

trigger genes to enhance lipolysis activate adenyl cyclase increases expression of UCP1 increases expression of beta-adrenergic receptor

204
Q

Ryanodine receptors facilitate calcium movement… a. from the cytosol to the sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum b. from the sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol

A

b. from the sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol

205
Q

Futile cycling in muscle generates heat by which method?

A

ATP hydrolysis

206
Q

Ca2+ slippage results in the calcium being located in which of the following? a. cytosol b. sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum

A

a. cytosol

207
Q

SERCA receptors facilitate calcium movement… a. from the cytosol to the sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum b. from the sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol

A

a. from the cytosol to the sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum

208
Q

Where does the sarcolipin protein bind?

A

to SECRA receptor

209
Q

What does the sarcolipin protein inhibit? a. ATP hydrolysis b. Ca2+ transport into cytosol c. Ca2+ transport into sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum

A

c. Ca2+ transport into sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum

210
Q

In which of the following does T3 increase ATP consumption to generate heat? a. white adipose b. brown adipose

A

a. white adipose

211
Q

In which of the following does T3 increase heat production without ATP consumption? a. white adipose b. brown adipose

A

b. brown adipose

212
Q

T/F: hyperplasia of the thyroid means the hormone demand is being met

A

false

213
Q

Around how many thyroid follicles from a lobule?

A

20-30

214
Q

Why do we take a fine needle aspiration of the thyroid and not a biopsy?

A

because it’s highly vascular and we don’t want to risk bleeding

215
Q

Child patient comes in with the testis misplaced (not in scrotal sac), where are they likely to be found?

A

in the abdomen, near the kidney (that’s where they develop, then migrate to the sac)

216
Q

Which of the following causes superior mediastinal compression syndrome? a. Thyroglossal duct cyst b. Substernal thyroid c. Aberrant subhyoid thyroid d. Lateral aberrant thyroid

A

b. Substernal thyroid (excessive descent, if it enlarges in causes compression)

217
Q

Which can be mistaken for a swollen lymph node? a. Thyroglossal duct cyst b. Substernal thyroid c. Aberrant subhyoid thyroid d. Lateral aberrant thyroid

A

d. Lateral aberrant thyroid

218
Q

Which of the following is known as Graves disease? a. Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia b. Diffuse Nontoxic Hyperplasia c. Acute Infective Thyroiditis d. Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis e. Autoimmune thyroiditis

A

a. Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia

219
Q

Which of the following is known as Hashimotos disease? a. Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia b. Diffuse Nontoxic Hyperplasia c. Acute Infective Thyroiditis d. Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis e. Autoimmune thyroiditis

A

e. Autoimmune thyroiditis

220
Q

Which of the following is neutrophil filled? a. Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia b. Diffuse Nontoxic Hyperplasia c. Acute Infective Thyroiditis d. Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis e. Autoimmune thyroiditis

A

c. Acute Infective Thyroiditis

221
Q

Which of the following has aggregations of epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells? a. Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia b. Diffuse Nontoxic Hyperplasia c. Acute Infective Thyroiditis d. Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis e. Autoimmune thyroiditis

A

d. Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis

222
Q

Which of the following is dominantly caused by iodine deficiency? a. Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia b. Diffuse Nontoxic Hyperplasia c. Acute Infective Thyroiditis d. Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis e. Autoimmune thyroiditis

A

b. Diffuse Nontoxic Hyperplasia

223
Q

Why do we see high cases of Diffuse Nontoxic Hyperplasia in Kuwait even though iodine deficiency is very low?

A

Biosynthesis defect of the thyroid hormone, the iodine is available but it can’t be used.

224
Q

The cysts found in Diffuse Nontoxic Hyperplasia are composed of which cell type? a. follicular cells b. parafollicular cells c. plasma cells d. macrophages

A

a. follicular cells

225
Q

Describe the colloid levels in Diffuse Nontoxic Hyperplasia a. no colloid b. thin colloid c. plently of colloid

A

b. thin colloid

226
Q

Which of the following characteristically causes infiltrative dermopathy and infiltrative ophthalmopathy? a. Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia b. Diffuse Nontoxic Hyperplasia c. Acute Infective Thyroiditis d. Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis e. Autoimmune thyroiditis

A

a. Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia (Graves Disease)

227
Q

Which immunoglobulin mediates Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia?

A

IgG

228
Q

Describe the colloid levels in the fine-needle aspiration of Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia a. no colloid b. thin colloid c. plently of colloid

A

a. no colloid (in background)

229
Q

What does papillary structure indicate?

A

hyperplasia

230
Q

Describe hormone level changes in a patient with de Quervain’s thyroiditis

A

Transient hypothyroidism then complete recovery (de Quervain’s thyroiditis=Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis)

231
Q

Fine needle aspiration shows Fire-flare appearance (marginal vacuoles), whats the diagnosis? a. Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia b. Diffuse Nontoxic Hyperplasia c. Acute Infective Thyroiditis d. Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis e. Autoimmune thyroiditis

A

a. Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia

232
Q

Which of the following has paravacuolar granulations? a. Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia b. Diffuse Nontoxic Hyperplasia c. Acute Infective Thyroiditis d. Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis e. Autoimmune thyroiditis

A

d. Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis

233
Q

What two things does the presence of autoantibodies help us do?

A

diagnose the disease and help us know how severe it is

234
Q

Describe Hurthle cell metaplasia. What is it? In what condition does it occur? Why? In which cells does in occur in?

A

its when the follicular cells transform from one cell type to another. Occurs in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Occurs so follicular cells escape the antibodies against them. Benign follicular cells undergo these changes.

235
Q

Which is the most aggressive/dangerous thyroid tumor? a. Anaplastic Carcinoma of Thyroid b. Follicular Adenoma c. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma d. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma e. Lymphoma of the Thyroid f. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

A

a. Anaplastic Carcinoma of Thyroid

236
Q

Which of the following causes the thyroid to appear muscle-like and without the gelatinous look? a. Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia b. Diffuse Nontoxic Hyperplasia c. Acute Infective Thyroiditis d. Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis e. Autoimmune thyroiditis

A

a. Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia

237
Q

Which is the most commonly found in Kuwaiti females?

a. Anaplastic Carcinoma of Thyroid
b. Follicular Adenoma
c. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
d. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
e. Lymphoma of the Thyroid
f. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

A

c. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

238
Q

Which is likely to metastasize in up to 70% if the cases? a. Anaplastic Carcinoma of Thyroid b. Follicular Adenoma c. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma d. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma e. Lymphoma of the Thyroid f. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

A

f. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

239
Q

Which cancers are patients with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis more susceptible to in the future?

A

After a certain amount of years they may develop lymphoma or papillary thyroid carcinoma

240
Q

Which of the following is derived from parafollicular cells or C-cells? a. Anaplastic Carcinoma of Thyroid b. Follicular Adenoma c. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma d. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma e. Lymphoma of the Thyroid f. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

A

d. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

241
Q

Should you remove the thyroid in patients with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?

A

no, you don’t remove it because the gland is already failing. If you remove it you’re adding to the problem. 


242
Q

Which has a positive reaction for calcitonin, chromogranin, and apple green birefringence? a. Anaplastic Carcinoma of Thyroid b. Follicular Adenoma c. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma d. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma e. Lymphoma of the Thyroid f. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

A

d. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

243
Q

Which is characterized by Intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions and Psammoma bodies? a. Anaplastic Carcinoma of Thyroid b. Follicular Adenoma c. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma d. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma e. Lymphoma of the Thyroid f. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

A

c. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

244
Q

Which of the following has well developed germinal centers? a. Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia b. Diffuse Nontoxic Hyperplasia c. Acute Infective Thyroiditis d. Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis e. Autoimmune thyroiditis

A

e. Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimotos)

245
Q

Which is a solitary, spherical, and encapsulated region? a. Anaplastic Carcinoma of Thyroid b. Follicular Adenoma c. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma d. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma e. Lymphoma of the Thyroid f. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

A

b. Follicular Adenoma (OR f. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma we can’t tell the difference without looking for vascular invations)

246
Q

Which is characterized by Nuclear grooves (aka coffee bean appearance)? a. Anaplastic Carcinoma of Thyroid b. Follicular Adenoma c. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma d. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma e. Lymphoma of the Thyroid f. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

A

c. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

247
Q

What differentiates between Follicular Thyroid Adenoma and Carcinoma in a histology sample?

A

Vascular and capsular invasion (present in carcinoma)

248
Q

What differentiates between Follicular Thyroid Adenoma and Carcinoma in a fine needle aspirate sample?

A

you can’t, so they generalize them under the term “follicular neoplasm”

249
Q

Most cancers have a hyper-chromatic nucleus, Which thyroid cancer has hypo-chromatic/clear nucleus (Orphan Anie nuclei)?

A

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

250
Q

Which has a strong association with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis? a. Anaplastic Carcinoma of Thyroid b. Follicular Adenoma c. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma d. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma e. Lymphoma of the Thyroid f. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

A

e. Lymphoma of the Thyroid

251
Q

Which of the following is an amyloid-forming tumor?

  1. Anaplastic Carcinoma of Thyroid
  2. Follicular Adenoma
  3. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
  4. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
  5. Lymphoma of the Thyroid
  6. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
A

d. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

252
Q

Patient comes in with problems swallowing. Fine needle aspirate of thyroid shows plasmacytoid or triangular tumor cells. Which is most likely?

  1. Anaplastic Carcinoma of Thyroid
  2. Follicular Adenoma
  3. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
  4. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
  5. Lymphoma of the Thyroid
  6. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
A

d. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

253
Q

What are two causes of nontoxic thyroid goiter?

A

low iodine increased intake of food that inhibits hormone synthesis (cabbage/cauliflower)

254
Q

What leads to scalloping out (resorption) of the colloid?

A

increased activity to produce thyroid hormone (ex/ in graves disease)

255
Q

What’s the relationship between cholesterol levels and thyroid hormone levels?

A

inversely proportional, the more thyroid hormone the less the cholesterol (Your body needs thyroid hormones to make cholesterol and to get rid of the cholesterol it doesn’t need. When thyroid hormone levels are low (hypothyroidism), your body doesn’t break down and remove LDL cholesterol as efficiently as usual. LDL cholesterol can then build up in your blood.)

256
Q

A patient with Hashimoto’s go this thyroid remove, what is the gross anatomy of that thyroid?

A

both lobes replaced by fleshy white adipose, they also have a nodular appearance (FYI: we should NOT remove the thyroid of a Hashimoto’s patient)

257
Q

Why do patients with hypothyroidism lose the lateral eyebrow hairs?

A

the thyroid hormone is essential in protein gene transcription, so any deficiency would lead to a decreased/defective hair protein synthesis. (another note said it’s due to the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides) (the Dr in the clinical skills also said that it may be lateral hair loss because they sleep on their side a lot, and so the hair would shed, idk if its true 😂)

258
Q

Whats the most common place for the metastasis of thyroid tumors?

A

the lungs, liver, and bones (regional lymph nodes rarely involved)

259
Q

Patient has a cold nodule on the thyroid. FNA shows microacinar formation. A biopsy was done and there was no vascular or capsular invasion. Whats the most accurate diagnosis?

  1. follicular neoplasm
  2. follicular adenoma
  3. follicular carcinoma
A

b. follicular adenoma

260
Q

Which thyroid cancer is often familial?

A

medullary carcinoma

261
Q

What mutation is in papillary thyroid carcinoma?

A

RET translocation/inversion BRAF mutation

262
Q

What mutation is in medullary thyroid carcinoma?

A

Germline RET mutations

263
Q

Which of the following is painlful subacute thyroiditis?

  1. Thyroiditis due to lymphocytic inflammation
  2. Postpartum thyroiditis
  3. De Quervain’s thyroiditis
A

c. De Quervain’s thyroiditis

264
Q

Describe subclinical hyperthyroidism

A

low/undetectable TSH and normal T3/4 levels

265
Q

Why do some hypothyroidism patients develop large tongue, hoarseness of voice, and carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

accumulation of mucopolysaccharides

266
Q

The thyroid is removed in a 65kg patient. How many mcg of the hormone does he need to take per day?

A

104mcg per day (1.6mcg/kg/day)

267
Q

Describe overt hyperthyroidism

A

low/undetectable TSH and elevated T3/4

268
Q

Which of the following causes Vocal cord palsy when damaged?

  1. Phrenic nerve
  2. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
  3. Cervical sympathetic chain
  4. Jugular veins
A

b. Recurrent laryngeal nerve

269
Q

What is the most sensitive screening test for functional disorders of the thyroid?

A

TSH tests

270
Q

Which of the following causes Horner’s syndrome when damaged?

  1. Phrenic nerve
  2. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
  3. Cervical sympathetic chain
  4. Jugular veins
A

c. Cervical sympathetic chain

271
Q

What are the symptoms of Horner’s syndrome?

A

miosis (constriction of the pupil) ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) anhidrosis (absence of sweating of the face)

272
Q

What test do you use to asses thyroid size?

A

ultrasound

273
Q

Patient with an enlarged thyroid gland complains of shortness of breath when lying flat (symptom of Diaphragm paralysis). Which nerve is most likely affected?

  1. Phrenic nerve
  2. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
  3. Cervical sympathetic chain
A

a. Phrenic nerve

274
Q

When does the thyroid make its descent from the base of the tongue to its the final position?

A

week 5

275
Q

Whats the difference between Iodine 123, 127, and 131?

A

Iodine 123 has a 13 hour half life so its not practical to use for radiotracing Iodine 127 is the normal iodine thats stable and that the body uses Iodine 131 is perfect for radiotracing because of its 8 day half life

276
Q

What’s the best radiotracer? why?

  1. Iodine 123
  2. Iodine127
  3. Iodine 131
  4. 99mTcO4
A

d. 99mTcO4 (its cheap and widely available, it also doesn’t emit beta particles and thus no cellular damage is possible)

277
Q

After giving the patient 99mTcO4, how long must you wait before imaging?

A

20 minutes

278
Q

While doing an iodine uptake scan, you see two areas above the thyroid that had some uptake. What is that?

A

salivary gland (it has some uptake)

279
Q

Toxic multinodular goitre is also known as

A

Plummer disease

280
Q

Which of the following would respond better to iodine 131 treatment? Why?

  1. Graves disease
  2. Plummer disease
A

b. Plummer disease (because the uptake would be localized to the hot nodules and they’d get most of the effect. After the destruction of the hyperactive areas, the rest of the thyroid would resume its normal function and life long hypothyroidism would be less likely)

281
Q

What’s the highest dose of iodine 131 you can get and still go home afterward? (no hospital admission)

A

30 mci

282
Q

What are the precautions patients must abide with once treated with iodine-131?

A

sleep alone for a week no contact with kids or pregnant women

283
Q

What is the only medication the patient can keep taking before the iodine-131 therapy?

A

beta-blockers (cause vasodialation)

284
Q

Which is most likely to be cancer?

  1. cold nodule
  2. hot nodule
A

a. cold nodule

285
Q

A U-shaped normal gland indicates

  1. hypotrophy
  2. hypertrophy
A

b. hypertrophy

286
Q

How can nuclear medicine help those who got thyroid cancer treated via thyroidectomy?

A

it can help destroy the remnants, using both methods together has the best outcome

287
Q

Which parathyroid originated from the third pharyngeal pouch?

A

inferior

288
Q

Which cells of the parathyroid secrete PTH?

A

cheif cells

289
Q

Which cycling rhythm does the PTH follow?

A

diurnal rhythm

290
Q

Which parathyroid originated from the fourth pharyngeal pouch?

A

superior

291
Q

Function and mechanism of PTH?

A

increase serum calcium by stimulates the release of calcium from bones, reduces loss of calcium in the kidney, and indirectly increases calcium absorption from food.

292
Q

Which causes bone pains and kidney stones?

  1. hypoparathyroidism
  2. hyperparathyroidism
A

b. hyperparathyroidism

293
Q

Whats the function of the parathyroid scan?

  1. to diagnose the patient
  2. to locate the glands
A

b. to locate the glands

294
Q

Whats the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

adenomas (80%)

295
Q

During a parathyroid scan, you see that there are delayed imaging. What does this mean?

A

that there’s hypermetabolic activity (you can even assume adenomas since its the most likely to cause hyperactivity)

296
Q

What radiopharmaceutical do we use to see adrenal activity?

A

I-131 nor-cholesterol (it uses cholesterol to synthesize the hormones)

297
Q

What does lugol’s solution do?

A

block the thyroid

298
Q

While performing cortical scintigraphy, we cannot visualize the uptake of I-131 nor-cholesterol by the adrenals. What does this mean about the adrenals?

  1. adenoma
  2. hyperplasia of bilateral adenomas
  3. normal
A

c. normal

299
Q

What do we use for adrenal Medulla Imaging?

A

123/131 MIBG (metaiodobenzylguanidine)

300
Q

123/131 MIBG (metaiodobenzylguanidine) is an analog of

A

norepinephrine

301
Q

Who most likely gets diagnosed with neuroblastoma?

A

children younger than 4 years (75%)

302
Q

While performing cortical scintigraphy, we visualize a unilateral uptake of I-131 nor-cholesterol by the adrenals. What does this mean about the adrenals?

  1. adenoma
  2. hyperplasia of bilateral adenomas
  3. normal
A

a. adenoma

303
Q

How many amino acids does somatostatin have? How many amino acids does PTH have?

A

14 in somatostatin 84 in PTH

304
Q

What type of receptor receives somatostatin?

A

G protein (six G protein coupled receptors)

305
Q

Where are Somatostatin Receptors located?

A

Neuroendocrine cells Activated lymphocytes Kidneys

306
Q

Which of the following tumors is more likely to be differentiated?

  1. negative SSTR (Somatostatin receptor) expression
  2. positive SSTR (Somatostatin receptor) expression
A

b. positive SSTR expression SSTR expression more often in well-differentiated tumors

307
Q

What’s an analog of Somatostatin?

A

Octreotide

308
Q

How many amino acids does Octreotide have?

A

8

309
Q

Which Somatostatin receptors does Octreotide bind to?

A

Binds mainly to SSTR-2 and SSTR-5 receptor subtypes (sstr2>>sstr5>sstr3).

310
Q

Which patients must you take precautions with during In-Octreotide imaging?

A

insulinoma patients

311
Q

What’s true about tumors seen on Octreotide?

  1. more malignant
  2. likely to respond to management
  3. have a five-year survival rate of 5%
A

b. likely to respond to management (have a five-year survival rate of 50%)

312
Q

What is Theranostics Approach?

A

specific targeted therapy based on specific targeted diagnostic tests (pair a diagnostic method and a treatment)

313
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in economically developed
countries?

  1. Iodine-deficiency hypothyroidism
  2. Autoimmune thyroiditis
  3. Post-partum thyroiditis
  4. Subacute thyroiditis
A

B. Autoimmune thyroiditis

314
Q

What structure prevents the superior growth of goiter?

  1. Sternomastoid
  2. Sternothyroid
  3. Sternohyoid
  4. Omohyoid
A

B. Sternothyroid

315
Q

What structure develops into the thyroid gland?

  1. Roof of pharynx
  2. Floor of pharynx
  3. 3rd pharyngeal pouch
  4. 4th pharyngeal pouch
A

B. Floor of pharynx

316
Q

Patient presents with puffy eyes, hoarse voice, and cold dry skin. Her TSH levels
are low but it increases when TRH is administered. What is the most likely
diagnosis?

  1. Hypothyroidism due to thyroid problem
  2. Hypothyroidism due to pituitary problem
  3. Hypothyroidism due to hypothalamic problem
  4. Hyperthyroidism due to thyroid problem
A

C. Hypothyroidism due to hypothalamic problem

317
Q

Why is methimazole generally preferred over propylthiouracil?

  1. Methimazole is given orally whereas propylthiouracil is given
  2. intravenously
  3. Methimazole can convert T4 to T3
  4. Methiamazole has lower incidence of side effects, such as hepatotoxicity
A

C. Methiamazole has lower incidence of side effects, such as hepatotoxicity

318
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
A. Diffuse toxic goiter
B. Lymphocytic infiltration
C. Autoantibodies targeting TSH receptor
D. Increased heart rate

A

B. Lymphocytic infiltration

319
Q

What is the mechanism of cardiac glycosides in blocking iodine transport?
A. Import of iodine depends on Na+ gradient
B. Glycosides bind to iodine
C. Blocking iodine transmembrane channel
D. Blocking iodine transporter
E. Activates calcium-potassium channel

A

A. Import of iodine depends on Na+ gradient

320
Q

T3 increases the expression of which protein in brown adipose tissue?
A. Uncoupling protein 1
B. Uncoupling protein 2
C. Uncoupling protein 3
D. Uncoupling protein 4

A

A. Uncoupling protein 1

321
Q

What disease is characterized by lymphoid cell infiltration, reduced colloid, and
scalloping of the colloid?
A. Grave’s disease
B. Acute thyroiditis
C. Nontoxic diffuse goiter
D. Papillary thyroid carcinoma

A

A. Grave’s disease

322
Q

What is the most common thyroid carcinoma?
A. Follicular carcinoma
B. Papillary carcinoma
C. Medullary carcinoma
D. Anaplastic carcinoma

A

B. Papillary carcinoma

323
Q

Patient presented with cold, hypoechoic nodule on ultrasound with normal TSH
levels. What is the necessary next step in this investigation?

A. Measure T4 levels
B. Thyroid scan
C. FNAC

A

C. FNAC

324
Q

45-year-old female with palpitations, weight loss, fatigue, insomnia,
exophthalmos, diffuse goiter, low TSH, and high thyroxine levels. This patient has
the greatest risk of developing which of the following? (Ask Dr.)
A. Increased bone density
B. Increased fractures
C. Severe hyponatremia
D. Hypertriglyceridemia
E. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

B. Increased fractures

325
Q
A

Endocrine (8 decks)

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