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Fundamentals of Cardiorespiratory system > Week 3 - Respiratory system > Flashcards

Week 3 - Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Main goal of respiratory system

A

Gas exchange overview

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2
Q

Basic Anatomy

A

URS
LRS
Air enters through nose/mouth
warmed and moistened so not to damage LRS
Trachea branches into L and R main bronchi then becomes a tree
smooth muscle lining bronchioles regulates airflow

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3
Q

Alveoli

A

Where gas exchange occurs
Type I
Type II
Alveolar macrophages

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4
Q

Type I alveolar cells

A

97% of alveolar SA
25 nm thick permeable
Allows for transport or exchange

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5
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

Secretes pulmonary surfactant
Create surfactant which is a lubricant for coral sack of lungs

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6
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

Immune cell
Removes debris and pathogens

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7
Q

Immune cell

A

Phagocyte

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8
Q

Gross anatomy of the lungs

A

Left lung - 2 lobes
Right lung - 3 lobes
If one segment becomes affected with disease, it can be treated independently
Each lung sits in pleural membrane

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9
Q

Why does left lung have 2 lobes

A

Cardiac notch for heart

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10
Q

Inspiration and expiration

A

Boyle’s Law
Pulmonary ventilation (PV)
Inspiration

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11
Q

Boyle’s law

A

The higher the volume, the less the pressure
lower the volume, higher the pressure

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12
Q

PV

A

Difference in pressures drive PV
Air flows from high to low
Pulmonary ventilation and gas diffusion is moving from high to low

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13
Q

Inspiration

A

Decreasing pressure in lung
Creating gas differentiation from atmospheric pressure from around

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14
Q

Lower Respiratory System, Gas exchange & ventilation perfusion relationships

A

Respiratory volumes and capacities
Dead space
Spirogram: Normal vs. COPD
Blood flow to lungs

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15
Q

Respiratory volume: various volumes of air in, entering or leaving the lungs

A

Tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
Total lung capacity
Vital capacity
Inspiratory capacity
Functional residual capacity

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16
Q

Tidal Volume

A

TV
Normal quiet breathing
When sitting in class or reading

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17
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

ERV
Amount you can push out past a normal tidal volume expiration

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18
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

IRV
deep inhalation - everything above normal breath

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19
Q

Residual volume

A

Amount of air left after you push out as much air as you can
If all air left, lungs would collapse

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20
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Sum of all lung volume

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21
Q

Vital capacity

A

VC
Amount one can move in or out of lungs, except RV

22
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

amount of air inhaled past normal tidal volume

23
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

FRC
Amount f air that remains after normal tidal expiration

24
Q

Dead space

A

Anatomical dead space
Alveolar dead space
total dead space

25
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

Air left in airway that doesn’t reach alveoli
- not enough pressure to
change
Never interacts in gas exchange

26
Q

Alveolar dead space

A

Air found in alveoli that are dysfunctional
Gas not used in exchange

27
Q

Total Dead space

A

Anatomical dead space & alveolar dead space
All air that does not interact in gas exchange

28
Q

Spirogram: Normal vs. COPD

A

Showing use of forced expired airflow to diagnose airway obstruction

29
Q

Blood flow to lungs

A

Pressure in pulmonary circulation are relatively low

When person is standing, blood flow is greatest at bottom of lung due to gravity

30
Q

Respiratory Rate

A

Total number of breaths/minute
Controlled by medulla
responds mainly to CO2

Involves both acquiring O2 and removing CO2 from blood

31
Q

Normal adult breathing rate

A

12-18 bpm

32
Q

RR controlled by brainstem

A

Medulla and pons

33
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of air into and out of lungs

34
Q

Perfusion

A

Flow of blood in capillaries

35
Q

Relationship between ventilation and perfusion

A

Allowing gas exchange to happen

36
Q

Partial pressure

A

measured in pressure

37
Q

In atmospheres, many different gases

A

Oxygen
nitrogen
CO2

38
Q

External respiration

A

In lungs
when we inhale air, we go from high to low pressure

39
Q

ppCO2 in tissue

A

way higher than that of blood
this allows for easy diffusion

40
Q

Hemoglobin does what for transport in blood

A

binds oxygen

41
Q

4 oxygen binding sites per Hb

A

if all 4 are bound, this means full saturation

42
Q

Full blood oxygen saturation is

A

95-99%

43
Q

Oxygen Dissociation from Hb

A

Gases travel from high to low pressure
the higher the pp of O2, the more will be bound by Hb
Lower the pp of O2, the less will be bound

44
Q

Temperature affecting oxygen dissociation

A

High temperature allows for O2 to dissociate faster

45
Q

pH affecting oxygen dissociation

A

more acidic pH causes more O2 dissociation

46
Q

3 major mechanisms for transporting CO2 in blood

A

Carbaminohemoglobin
bicarbonate
blood plasma

47
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

20% of transport
CO2 binds to amino acids in Hb

48
Q

Bicarbonate

A

70% of transport
Enzyme

49
Q

Enzyme

A

Carbonic anhydrase

50
Q

Blood plasma

A

CO2 dissolves in plasma
7-10% of CO2 transport

Fundamentals of Cardiorespiratory system (4 decks)

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