WEEK 3 - Renal Calculi & Prostate Cancer Flashcards
What are the four main types of renal calculi?
- Calcium stones
- Struvite stones
- Uric acid stones
- Cystine stones
Which form of stone is most common?
Calcium stones
What leads to calcium stone formation?
High levels of Ca in blood and urine - may lead to decreased Ca in the body
What are the four causes of Calcium stones?
- Idiopathic
- Intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Bone demineralisation
How do struvite calculi form?
Form in alkaline urine and in the presence of urease-producing bacteria such as Klebsiella or Pseudomonas
Struvite calculi are more common in?
People who frequently have infections - women are more prone to UTIs and so are more prone to having struvite calculi
When do uric acid calculi develop?
In gout and when there is a high concentration of uric acid in urine (genetic disorder of amino acid disorders)
Are uric acid calculi visible on imaging? Why or why not?
NOP
This is because uric acid calculi form in the urinary epithelium
What period of time in the lifespan are cystine calculi most common?
Childhood
Cystine calculi are due to?
Genetic defect in the renal transport of cystine, leads to cystinuria
List some risk factors for renal calculi development
- Being male
- Being old
- Being indigenous Australian
- Having a family history of kidney stones
- Living in tropical, hot weather
What are three factors influencing calculus growth?
- Crystal growth-inhibiting factors
- Crystal particle retention
- Tissue damage from urea-splitting pathogens
Primary manifestation of renal calculi?
Renal colic (pain that comes and goes) due to peristalsis of the ureters in an attempt to remove calculi Pain is also associated with nausea and vomiting
Sign of renal calculi mid ureter?
Flank pain or pain in the groin or lower abdomen
Sign of renal calculi in the lower ureter?
Urinary urgency and incontinence
What is non colicky pain caused by?
Renal calculi distending the renal calyces or renal pelvis
Two tests for diagnosis of renal calculi?
- Urinalysis
2. Intravenous pyelography
Treatment for renal calculi?
- Calculus removal via surgery
- Prevention via increased fluid intake and increased dietary fibre