Week 3 Reading

Question 1

Which definition is being described?:

A social process that occurs when rewards
are given to people for how their performance compares with the performances of others during the same task or when participating in the same event.

Answer 1

Competition

Question 2

Which definition is being described?:

A social process through which performance
is evaluated and rewarded in terms of the collective achievement of a group of people working together to reach a particular goal.

Answer 2

Cooperation

Question 3

Which definition is being described?:

is the essence of competition as one’s competitor enables the other to compete.

Answer 3

Partnership

Question 4

Which definition is being described?:

value fairness and strive with each other to reach new levels of excellence.

Answer 4

True competitors

Question 5

Which definition is being described?:

occurs when opponents see each other as rivals, with winning as the ultimate goal.

Answer 5

Decompetition

Question 6

Which stage of the competition process is being described?:

An objective competitive situation is a situation in
which performance is compared with some standard of excellence in the presence of at least one other person who is aware of the comparison.

Answer 6

Stage 1

Question 7

Which stage of the competition process is being described?:

The subjective competitive situation is how the
person perceives, accepts, and appraises the objective competitive situation (influenced by personality factors such as competitiveness).

Answer 7

Stage 2

Question 8

Which definition is being described?:

is the personality characteristic that best predicts how people appraise the objective competitive
situation.

Answer 8

Competitiveness

Question 9

Which stage of the competition process is being described?:

Response is whether a person approaches or
avoids an objective competitive situation (at the behavioral, physiological, and psychological levels).

Answer 9

Stage 3

Question 10

Which definition is being described?:

is whether a person approaches or avoids an objective competitive situation (at the behavioral, physiological, and psychological levels).

Answer 10

Response

Question 11

Is completion good or bad?

Answer 11

It is neutral

Question 12

What determines if competition leads to aggression or cooperation?

Answer 12

It depends on the social environment and the way the performers view competition.

Question 13

Which component structure of games is being described?:

For example, king of the mountain, 100-yard dash

Answer 13

Competitive means-competitive ends

Question 14

Which component structure of games is being described?:

For example, soccer, basketball

Answer 14

Cooperative means-competitive ends

Question 15

Which component structure of games is being described?:

For example, calisthenics, cross-country skiing

Answer 15

Individual means-individual ends

Question 16

Which component structure of games is being described?:

For example, helping each other individually improve

Answer 16

Cooperative means-individual ends

Question 17

Which component structure of games is being described?:

For example, keeping a volleyball from hitting ground

Answer 17

Cooperative means-cooperative ends

Question 18

Which definition is being described?:

is characterized by action, especially scoring; personal involvement in the action; closely matched teams; and opportunities to reaffirm friendships.

Answer 18

Unstructured sport

Question 19

Which definition is being described?:

to produce trust and open communication.

Answer 19

Stress cooperation

Question 20

Which definition is being described?:

is the use of rewards and punishment, which increase or decrease the likelihood of a similar response occurring in the future.

Answer 20

Reinforcement

Question 21

What are some principles that make reinforcement complex?

Answer 21

• People react differently to the same reinforcement
• People are unable to repeat desirable behaviors
• People receive different reinforcers in different situations

Question 22

Which definition is being described?:

focuses on rewarding appropriate
behavior, which increases the likelihood of desirable responses occurring in the future.

Answer 22

Positive approach

Question 23

Which definition is being described?:
focuses on punishing undesirable behaviors, which should lead to future redirection of these inappropriate behaviors.

Answer 23

Negative approach

Question 24

Which type of timing of reinforcement is being described?:
continuous and immediate reinforcement desirable

Answer 24

Early learning

Question 25

Which type of timing of reinforcement is being described?:
intermittent and immediate reinforcement desirable

Answer 25

Learned skill

Question 26

What are being described?:
• Choose effective reinforcers (e.g., social, material, activity, special outings, intrinsic, and extrinsic).
• Choose the timing or schedule of reinforcement.
• Early learning: continuous and immediate reinforcement desirable
• Learned skill: intermittent and immediate reinforcement desirable
• Reward appropriate behaviors—choose the proper behaviors to reward.
• With difficult skills, shape the behavior of the learner by reinforcing close approximations of the desired behavior.
• Reward performance as well as outcome.
• Reward effort.
• Reward emotional and social skill.

Answer 26

Principles of positive reinforcement

Question 27

Which type of feedback is being described?:
influences perform by
• enhancing confidence, inspiring greater effort, and creating a positive mood;
• providing valuable reinforcement to the performer; and
• establishing goal-setting programs.

Answer 27

Motivational feedback

Question 28

Which type of feedback is being described?:
provides information about
• specific behaviors to be performed,
• levels of proficiency that should be achieved, and
• the performer’s current level of proficiency.

Answer 28

Instruction feedback

Question 29

What are inappropriate approaches to feedback?:

Answer 29

• Focus on criticism
• Focus on criticism with sarcasm
• Use physical abuse
• Employ guilt

Question 30

Which definition is being described?:
People who have intrinsic motivation strive inwardly to be competent and self-determining in their quest to master the task at hand; They enjoy competition, like the action and excitement, focus on having fun, and want to learn skills to the best of their ability.

Answer 30

Intrinsic motivation

Question 31

What are the social factors that influence intrinsic motivation?:

Answer 31

• Success and failure
• Focus of competition
• Coaches’ behavior

Question 32

What are the psychological factors influencing intrinsic motivation?:

Answer 32

• Need for competence, autonomy, and relatedness
• Passion

Question 33

Which definition is being described?:
is a strong inclination and desire toward an activity one likes, finds important, and invests time and energy in.

Answer 33

Passion

Question 34

Which type of passion is being described?:

A strong desire to engage in an activity freely as it becomes part of one’s identity.

Answer 34

Harmonious passion (HP)

Question 35

Which type of passion is being described?:

A strong desire to engage in an activity freely as it becomes part of one’s identity.

Answer 35

Obsessive passion (OP)

Question 36

Which theory is being described?:

A subtheory of the more general self-determination theory, it focuses on identifying and explaining the factors that facilitate or undermine the development of intrinsic motivation.

Answer 36

Cognitive evaluation theory

Question 37

What is being described?:

How rewards are perceived is critical in determining whether intrinsic motivation increases or decreases.

Answer 37

Basic premise of cognitive evaluation theory

Question 38

What is being described?:
Rewards perceived to control a person
decrease intrinsic motivation, whereas rewards that contribute to an internal locus of causality increase intrinsic motivation.

Answer 38

Controlling aspects