week 3 questions and notes Flashcards
list the major parts of the digestive system
disgestive track begins with the oral cavity (mouth) then is as follows
pharynx(throat),
esophagus (throat,lower),
stomach (where all the acid is),
Small intestine (made of duodenum,jejunum,ileum),
Large intestine (ascending transverse descending and sigmoid
colons aswell as the rectum and the appendix (rectum is above the anus)
Anal canal and anus
list the basic histological layers of the digestive tract.
Firstly histology is the study of microscopic structure of tissues.
The digestive tract is one large tube from the mouth to the anus plus accessory organs
1) Mucosa - innermost layer -this layer secrets mucus
2) Submucosa - (great naming systems) This layer is the connective
tisssue layer contains blood vessels and nerves
3) Muscularis- 2/e of muscle layer, moment and secretion
4) Serosa / Advetitia - Outermost layer,connective tissue stability
Describe proteins
Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion
Proteins contain
- Carbon Hydrogen oxygen nitrogen
- Functions of protein is to regulate body functions.
Proteins are used for-
enzymes
hormones
antibodies
transport proteins - in the cell membrane
Structural proteins - Muscle proteins, connective tissue
Globular proteins - hemoglobin
Essential amino acids cant be produced by body so must be obtained from diet
non essential amino acids are still required by our body but these can be synthesized from essential amino acids
Complete protein - Food that contains enough of all 9 essential Amino acids eg meat fish and milk
İncomplete protein - leafy green vegetables, grains, legumes.
what are the relative recommended amounts of carbohydrates lipids and proteins…
stupid questions but still gota know it i guess.. anyway recommendations are as follows
Carbohydrates - 45-65% of daily in take of Kcals
Lipids (fats) - 10-25% or less of total daily Kcal
Proteins - 10-35% of total Kcal
(dumb question because all of these need to be changed and altered depending on person and there weight gender and activeness as well as occupation and life style….SMH
Descrive the function of enzymes within the body
An enzyme is a natural catalyst wich means it speeds up processes like breaking up of proteins and carbs … ?
Describe proteins.
Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion (they are long chains of amino acids
protien -> polypeptide -> dipeptide -> Amino acid
Proteins contain
- Carbon Hydrogen oxygen nitrogen
- Functions of protein is to regulate body functions.
Proteins are used for-
enzymes
hormones
antibodies
transport proteins - in the cell membrane
Structural proteins - Muscle proteins, connective tissue
Globular proteins - hemoglobin
Essential amino acids cant be produced by body so must be obtained from diet
non essential amino acids are still required by our body but these can be synthesized from essential amino acids
Complete protein - Food that contains enough of all 9 essential Amino acids eg meat fish and milk
İncomplete protein - leafy green vegetables, grains, legumes.
process of how protiens are broken down is….
Digestion begins in the stomach by pepsin wich breaks protiens into polypeptides
polypeptides are digested by trypsin in the duodenum
peptided and amino acids are absorbed into the blood via villi / microvilli in the intestine.
carbohydrates what are they what are they made whast can they be used for ın the body ?
carbohydrates mostly come from plats except for milk
large molecules wich are called monosacchiaried are made of 1 sugar
Uses in the body -glucose broken down to produce ATP
- excess glucose is converted to glycogen and stored
in muscles and liver cells
-excess beyond storage is converted to fat
- sugars also become part of DNA, RNA, and ATP
glycoprotiens gclycolipds
What are examples of monosaccharides and disaccharides
Monosaccharides - glucoes (blood sugar )
- Fructose (fruit sugar)
- Galactose (milk sugar)
Disaccharide- ( di meanings 2)
- Sucrose (table sugar) - Glucose + Fructose
- Lactose (milk) - glucose + galactose
- Maltose -Glucose + glucose
what is glycogen starch and cellulose
Glycogen is - animal polysaccharide
- glucose molecules
- it is stored in humans liver and muscles
Starch and cellulose - are plant polysaccharides
- Humans break down starch
- Humans can not break down cellulose
explain the digestion and absorbtion process of carbohydrates
carbohydrate break down begins in the mouth more specificaly the salivary glands carbohydrates break into polysaccharides chains (glucose)
polysacchirdes (glycogen) are broken down by pancreatic amyase in duodenum into disaccharide chains
Disaccharides (sucrose) are broken into monosaccharides chains in the intestine by sucrase
Monosaccharides absorbed into the blood via villi and microvilli in intestines
transported to liver via hepatic portal vein.
lipids (fats) what are they broken down into?
what are there uses in the body
fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol to release energy
Uses of Lipids in the body - triglycerides- used to produce ATP (excess
stored in liver
- Cholesterol - foundin liver and egg yolks
modfied to form bile salts
-phospholipids -major components of plasma emmbranes and part of
bile
- eicosanoids - Derived from fatty acids. involved in inflammation blood
clotting tissue repair smooth muscle contraction
Digestion and absorption of lipids?
digestion begins in the mouth lingual lipase,then in the stomach where it is broken down by gastric lipase- then bile salts in the liver and pancreatic lipase in the duodeum and finally the small intestine absorbes the broken down lipids in the form of fatty acids and monoglycerides
