WEEK 3- PHARMACOKINETICS and PHARMACODYNAMICS Flashcards
Is derived from the root word “pharma” which means drugs and “kinetics” which means movement or motion. Is the study of drug movement throughout the body. It also includes what happens to the drug as it makes it journey.
PHARMACOKINETICS
What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics —Pharmacokinetic process?
ABSORPTION
DISTRIBUTION
METABOLISM
EXCRETION
It is the biological membrane that surrounds every living cell to separate the internal components from the outside. Protects a cell. It is composed of phospholipid bilayer, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and other components?
CELL MEMBRANE
What are the 3 most important passages/ways are?
- PASSAGE THROUGH CHANNELS OR PORES
- PASSAGE WITH THE AID TRANSPORT SYSTEM
- DIRECT PENETRATION OF THE MEMBRANES
It is a channel in a membrane is approximately small and only the smallest compound can pass through these channels?
PASSAGE THROUGH CHANNELS OR PORES
It is a multi-drug transporter protein deserves special mention. It is a transmembrane protein that transports a wide variety of drugs out of cells?
P- GLYCOPROTEINS
Are the carriers that can move drugs from one side of the cell membrane to the other. Some transport systems require the expenditure of energy others do not?
PASSAGE WITH THE AID OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM
It is also known as ATP, is a molecule that carries energy within cells?
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
It is defined as the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood. Absorption is the primary pharmacokinetic factor determining the length of time it takes to produce its effect?
ABSORPTION
To get across most membranes, the drug must be relatively non-polar?
“LIKES DISSOLVES LIKES”
For most drugs, movement throughout the body is dependent on the ability to penetrate membranes directly.
A. Could either because most of drugs are too large pass through channels or pores
B. Most drugs lack transport system to help them cross all the membranes that separates them from their site of action, metabolism, and excretion
DIRECT PENETRATION OF THE MEMBRANES
It is defined as the drug movement from the blood to the interstitial space of tissues and from there into cells, It involves the transport of the drug throughout the body?
DISTRIBUTION
What are the 8 factors that affect absorption?
- ADMINISTRATION ROUTE OF THE DRUG
- ABILITY OF MEDICINE TO DISSOLVE
- FOOD OR FLUIDS ADMINISTERED WITH THE DRUG
- BODY SURFACE AREA
- STATUS OF THE ABSORPTIVE SURFACE
- RATE OF BLOOD FLOW TO THE SMALL INTESTINE
- LIPID SOLUBILITY OF THE MEDICINE
- STATUS OF GI MOTILITY
It is also known as BIOTRANSFORMATION, defined as enzymatically mediated alteration of drug structure?
METABOLISM
It is the combination of metabolism plus excretion is called?
ELIMINATION
It is the movement of drugs and their metabolites out of the body?
EXCRETION
Most drug metabolism takes place in the? It is performed by the?
LIVER
HEPATIC MICROSOMAL ENZYME SYSTEM aka P450
It is defined as the removal of drugs from the body?
DRUG EXCRETION
What does the body do to drugs: How will it get in?
ABSORPTION
Drugs and their metabolites can exit the body in?
URINE
BILE
SALIVA
BREAST MILK
EXPIRED AIR
What does the body do to drugs: How does it leave?
EXCRETION
What does the body do to drugs: How it is broken down?
METABOLISM
What does the body do to drugs: Where will it go?
DISTRIBUTION
Excretion: kidney
URINE
Excretion: Skin
SWEAT
Excretion: Liver
BILE
Excretion: Lungs
EXPIRED AIR
It is a specialized target macromolecule that binds a drug and mediates its pharmacological action. “tagatanggap”
DRUG RECEPTORS
It comes from the root word “pharmaco” which means drug and “dynamics” which means change? It is the study of biochemical and physiology interactions of drugs at their sites of activity? Can be thought as the impact of drugs in the body?
PHARMACODYNAMICS
Is a reaction between two or more drugs or between a drug and a food, beverage, or supplement?
DRUG INTERACTION
What happens to a receptor?
- BINDING
- SIGNALING
- INTERNALIZATION
- a. DECOMPOSITION
b. RECYCLING
It is the intensity of the effect produced for a given drug dose? “LAKAS”
POTENCY
Any functional macromolecule in a cell to which a drug binds to produce its effects. The better the drug fits at the___ the more biologically active the drug is?
RECEPTOR SITES
“Bisa” describes the maximum response that can be achieved with a drug?
EFFICACY
It is defined as the strength of attraction between the drug and its receptor? Relationship-connection. “Pagkakaugnay”
AFFINITY
Where do you find the receptor?
CELL MEMBRANE
Is a compound naturally produced by the body which binds and activates that receptor? This can regulated by other molecule that either increase or reduce their activity.
ENDOGENOUS REGULATORY MOLECULES/ ENDOGENOUS LIGAND BINDS or METABOLITES
These are enzymes that can be regulated by other molecules that either increase or reduce their activity.
REGULATORY MOLECULES
Molecules that decrease the activity of an enzyme are called?
INHIBITORS
Drug-receptor interactions: Mimic or imitate the action of endogenous regulatory molecules?
ACTIVATORS
Molecules that increase the activity of an enzyme are called?
ACTIVATORS
Drug-receptor interactions: they can block the action of the endogenous regulatory molecules?
INHIBITORS
What are the 3 types of drug-receptor interactions?
AGONIST
ANTAGONIST
PARTIAL AGONIST
A drug that stimulates the opioid receptor one primary responsible for analgesia?
OPIODS
___ drugs mimics the natural agonist within our body binding to receptors to create the same effect but often with a much more significant physiological response?
AGONIST
Are substances within the body that have evolved to produce a response when they bind to and “switched on” a receptor.
NATURAL AGONIST
Produce their effect by preventing receptor activation by endogenous regulatory molecules and drugs. It blocks the access to a RECEPTOR. Sometimes called “blockers”
ANTAGONIST
aka. agonist-antagonist drug. Is an agonist that only has moderate intrinsic activity. It describes a medication that produces a weaker or less efficacious, response than an agonist. It can act as agonist as well as agonist.
PARTIAL AGONIST
Receptor + Agonist =
Drug Action/Effect
It is the graphical representation of the number of the patients responding to a drug action at different doses
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION CURVE
Receptor + Antagonist =
No drug action/
Dose that produces therapeutic response in 50% of a group of patient. Sometimes report as the average or standard dose?
MEDIAN EFFECTIVE DOSE
Is a measure of a drug’s safety margins. Comparing the effective dose and the lethal dose?
THERAPEUTIC INDEX
Therapeutic index: The higher the value?
THE SAFER THE MEDICATION
Formula of therapeutic index?
Median lethal dose (LD)/ Median effective dose (ED)
Is the relationship between the minimal versus the maximal amount of drug dose needed to produce the desired drug response?
DOSE RESPONSE
Is the relationship between the minimal versus the maximal amount of drug dose needed to produce the desired drug response?
DOSE RESPONSE
It is the time it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after a drug is administered?
ONSET OF ACTION
Occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration?
PEAK ACTION
The length of time the drug has pharmacologic effect?
DURATION ACTION
T0-T2
PEAK
T0-T1?
ONSET
T1-T3?
DURATION
It is an index of maximal response a drug can produce? It is an important quality of drug?
MAXIMAL EFFICACY
Refers to the amount of drug we must give to elicit an effect? May refer to the maximum response which can be achieved with the drug? “LAKAS”
POTENCY
It determines how much an administered dose gets to its sites of action?
PHARMACOKINETIC PROCESSES
What are the 4 factors influencing responses to drug?
- ADMINISTRATION
- PHARMACOKINETIC PROCESSES
- PHARMACODYNAMICS
- SOURCE OF INDIVIDUAL VARIATION
The drug, dosage, route, and timing of administration are important determinant of drug responses?
ADMINISTRATION
Characteristics unique to each patient can influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Not everyone reacts to the same dose, some require a bit more, while ithers do not respond?
SOURCE OF INDIVIDUAL VARIATION
What are the 4 major pharmacokinetics?
ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION,METABOLISM, EXCRETION
Once the drug reaches its site of action, ____ determine the nature and intensity of the responses. The impact of the drugs on the body and binding of drug to the receptor?
PHARMACODYNAMICS
SOURCE OF INDIVIDUAL VARIATION: Variables/factors that can influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics?
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
PATHOLOGICAL FACTORS
GENETIC FACTORS
Or the pharmacy act as amended all prescriptions must contain the name of the prescriber, office address, professional registration #, tax receipt#, patient’s name, age, sex, date of prescription?
R.A 5921
States that only validity registered medical, dental, and veterinary practitioners, whether in private institutions/corporations or in the government are authorized to prescribed drugs. Requires that the drugs are written in their generic name?
R. A 6675
Known as the dangerous drug act?
R.A 6425
What section is ethical principle?
SECTION 8 and SECTION 10
What section is the guidelines to be observed?
SECTION 5
The commission or omission of act, pursuant to a duty that a reasonably prudent person in the same circumstance would or would not and acting or the non-acting of which is the proximate cause of injury to another person to his property?
PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENCE
Known as the Philippine Nursing Act of 2002?
R.A 9173
Includes the prescribing, dispensing, and administering a drug to a patient, has a series of checks along the way to help to catch errors before they occur?
PHYSICIAN- PHARMACIST-NURSE
DRUG REGIMEN PROCESS
What are the ERRORS?
WRONG DRUG
WRONG PATIENT
WRONG DOSE
WRONG ROUTE
WRONG TIME
It is the direct administration/delivery of prescription medication to an individuals body by a legally authorized person, whether through injections, inhalation, ingestion, or other means?
MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION
16 Rights of Medication Administration: Pt ID, full name, hospital assigned identity number, date of birth ?
RIGHT PATIENT
16 Rights of Medication Administration: The right dose is the dose prescribed for the particular client. During these phase, the nurse verifies that: Drug dosage, dosage range, prescription itself, weight can chage daily so regular assessment of dosages is crucial?
RIGHT DOSE
16 Rights of Medication Administration: the nurse checks for adherance to the medication’s prescribed frequency and time of Medication?
RIGHT TIME AND FREQUENCY
16 Rights of Medication Administration: necessary for adequate and appropriate absorption.
RIGHT ROUTE
16 Right of Medication administration: Means client receives the drug that was prescribed by the physician?
RIGHT DRUG
16 Right of Medication administration: Means client receives the drug that was prescribed by the physician?
RIGHT DRUG
