Neuropharmacology Flashcards by Marie G.

The nervous system operates
through the use of ___
and ____ to transmit
information throughout the body and
to respond to INTERNAL and
EXTERNAL STIMULI.

ELECTRICAL IMPULSES
CHEMICAL MESSENGER

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We can consider the nervous system as a
____ → receiving
signals from and sending commands to
different areas of the body

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

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Homeostasis is defined as a
____ by
which a living organism
can maintain internal
stability while adjusting to
changing external
condition

self-regulating process

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By way of this communication, the
nervous system helps to coordinate the
body functions to maintain
___.

HOMEOSTASIS

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✓The two branches cooperate to achieve a balance
of readiness and relaxation.
✓Because the branches produce mostly opposite
effects, homeostasis may be achieved by changing
one or both branches?

SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

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STRUCTURES OF THE NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM: Central nervous system?

BRAIN and SPINAL CORD

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basic functions of the nervous system are?

-RECOGNIZING CHANGES
-PROCESSING AND INTEGRATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
-REACTING TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

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STRUCTURES OF THE NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM: AUTONOMIC and SOMATIC
Systems?

Basic functional unit: NEURON

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STRUCTURES OF THE NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM: Peripheral Nervous System

Includes CRANIAL and SPINAL
NERVES

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The human body contains about →___
neurons. About 10 billion of these are in the BRAIN,
and the remainder make up the SPINAL
CORD and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

14 BILLION

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Types of NEURONS: many Dendrites
and a single Axon - Ex. CNS (Brain,
Spinal Cord) and
most motor neurons?

MULTIPOLAR

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Types of NEURONS: one Dendrite and
one Axon
- Ex. Eye and nasal
cavity?

BIPOLAR

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Types of NEURONS: one Axon and NO
Dendrites
- Ex. Sensory neurons?

PSEUDO-UNIPOLAR

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This includes many types of cells
that generally support, insulate, and
protect the delicate neurons;*It also simply called either GLIA or
GLIAL Cells?

NEUROGLIA

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Types of Neuroglia: ▪Star-shaped
▪Most abundant
▪Form bloodbrain barrier?

ASTROCYTE

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Types of Neuroglia: produce and
circulate
cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF)?

EPENDYMAL
CELLS

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Types of Neuroglia: help remove
bacteria and cell
debris from CNS?

MICROGLIA

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Types of Neuroglia: produce myelin sheath
in CNS?

OLIGODENDROCYTES

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NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL DRUGS: activate the parasympathetic nervous system by mimicking the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and activating cholinergic receptors, which are divided into muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. These drugs are responsible for promoting functions that occur when the body is at rest, such as slowing heart rate, increasing salivation, stimulating digestion and urination, and enhancing gastrointestinal motility?

CHOLINERGIC DRUGS

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Types of Neuroglia: Produce myelin
sheath in PNS?

SCHWANN CELLS

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TYPES OF CHOLINERGIC DRUGS: These drugs directly stimulate cholinergic receptors by acting like acetylcholine. Examples include:

Bethanechol (used to treat urinary retention).
Pilocarpine (used in the treatment of glaucoma).

DIRECT-ACTING CHOLINERGIC DRUGS

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TYPES OF CHOLINERGIC DRUGS: These inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which breaks down acetylcholine, allowing acetylcholine to accumulate and act longer. Examples include:

Neostigmine (used to treat myasthenia gravis).
Donepezil (used to treat Alzheimer’s disease)?

Indirect-acting cholinergic drugs

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NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL DRUGS: work by activating the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), also known as the “fight or flight” response. They act on adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta receptors) by either directly stimulating these receptors or indirectly increasing the release of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline).

ADRENERGIC DRUGS

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TYPES OF CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS ARE?

MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS
NICOTINIC RECEPTORS

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TYPES OF CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS: Found in organs like the heart, smooth muscles, and glands?

MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS

What are the types of alpha Adrenergic Receptors?

ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS

TYPES OF CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS: Found in the neuromuscular junction (where nerves connect with muscles) and in the central nervous system?

NICOTINIC RECEPTORS

These are the therapeutic uses of____ : Urinary retention, Glaucoma, Myasthenia Gravis, Alzheimer's disease?

CHOLINERGIC DRUGS

Alpha-adrenergic receptors: Located mainly in the central nervous system (CNS), specifically found in the brain and spinal cord, they help regulate neurotransmitter release and lower blood pressure by decreasing sympathetic activity?

Alpha-2 Receptors

Alpha-adrenergic receptors: Found in blood vessels, bladder, and eyes. Stimulation causes vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), leading to an increase in blood pressure, constricting smooth muscles in the bladder and urethra, and dilating the pupils (mydriasis)?

Alpha-1 Receptors

What are the types of beta Adrenergic Receptors?

BETA1,2, and 3 receptors

Beta-adrenergic receptors: Located primarily in the heart, Increased heart rate, force of contraction, and release of renin (increases blood pressure)?

Beta-1 Receptors

Beta-adrenergic receptors: Located in the lungs and skeletal muscles, stimulation causes bronchodilation (relaxation of the airways), vasodilation in skeletal muscles, and glycogenolysis (increase in blood glucose)?

Beta-2 Receptors

Beta-adrenergic receptors: Primarily found in fat tissue, they are involved in the regulation of fat breakdown?

Beta-3 Receptors

Classification of Adrenergic Drugs: These drugs bind directly to adrenergic receptors and activate them. Examples include: Epinephrine: Stimulates alpha and beta receptors to increase heart rate, bronchodilation, and vasoconstriction. Albuterol: A selective beta-2 agonist used to treat asthma by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle?

DIRECT-ACTING ADRENERGIC DRUGS

Classification of Adrenergic Drugs: These drugs increase the release of norepinephrine or block its reuptake, thus enhancing sympathetic nervous system activity without directly binding to receptors. Examples include: Amphetamines: Increase norepinephrine release. Cocaine: Blocks norepinephrine reuptake, increasing its availability at adrenergic receptors?

Indirect-acting Adrenergic Drugs

Classification of Adrenergic Drugs: These drugs both stimulate adrenergic receptors directly and promote the release of norepinephrine. Ephedrine is an example, stimulating alpha and beta receptors?

MIXED-ACTING ADRENERGIC DRUGS

It contains Cell Nucleus, Cytoplasm and various granules and other particles?

Cell body or Soma

short, branch-like projections that cover most of the surface of a neuron. These structures, which provide increased surface area for the neuron, bring information into the neuron from other neurons?

Dendrites

long projection from a neuron that carries information from one nerve to another nerve or one end of the nerve body extends into a long process that does not branch out until the very end of the process?

Axons

are cells stimulated by a nerve, which include a MUSCLE, GLAND or another NERVE?

EFFECTOR CELLS

These are are nerve axons/neurons or groups of neurons that bring information to the central nervous system; sensory nerve?

AFFERENT FIBERS

These are nerve axons/neurons or groups of neurons that carry information from the central nervous system to an effector; motor neurons are efferent ?

EFFERENT FIBERS

It carry impulses away from the CNS?

MOTOR NEURONS

It contains the axons & dendrites?

NEURON

It carry impulses to the CNS?

SENSORY NEURONS

It chemical transmission of impulses from one neuron to another?

SYNAPSE

It is the study of drugs that alter processes controlled by the Nervous System?

NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

Disease states of Central Nervous System: a) TOO MUCH? Ex. Seizure disorders, sleep disorder) ▪Too many neurotransmitter molecules binding to post-synapse receptors ▪(e.g. psychoses)

HYPEREXCITABLE NEURONS

It is the chemical messengers that your body can’t function without. ▪Their job is to carry chemical signals (“messages”) from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell?

NEUROTRANSMITTER

Disease states of Central Nervous System: b.) TOO LITTLE; binding to post-synapse receptors ✓Parkinson’ disease ✓Alzheimer’s disease ✓Depression

Too few neurotransmitters

Three (3) main types of neurotransmitters are?

AMINES ▪AMINO ACIDS ▪PEPTIDES

Neurotransmitters can be classified as either excitatory or inhibitory: function is to activate receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and enhance the effects of the action potential?

EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Neurotransmitters can be classified as either excitatory or inhibitory: function is to prevent an action potential?

✓INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Types of Neurotransmitters: Dopamine Norepinephrine Serotonin? Associated with LEVEL OF AROUSAL, MEMORY, MOTOR CONDITIONING, and SPEECH. Exerts EXCITATORY EFFECTS at synapses and nerve–muscle junctions and inhibitory effects at some peripheral sites (supplied by the Vagus nerve). ▪EXCITARY NEUROTRANSMITTER ▪High levels can lead to → Increase Saliva and Tears, Muscle Weakness and Paralysis, Diarrhea, Blurry Vision?

ACETYLCHOLINE

I t is important for ✓MEMORY ✓LEARNING ✓BEHAVIOR ✓MOVEMENT CONTROL ▪A pleasure or reward neurotransmitter → BRAIN releases ___ during pleasurable activities?

DOPAMINE

Types of Neurotransmitters: Aspartate Gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA] Glutamate Glycine

AMINO ACIDS

AMINO ACIDS: Inhibitory neurotransmitter synthesized in the CNS (Central Nervous System main inhibitor) ▪Synthesized from the amino acid glutamate. ▪A mood regulator and expert have linked levels of it with anxiety, depression? Cause Ca2+ influx (Calcium Influx) into the neuron resulting in hyperpolarization?

GAMMA AMINOBUTYRIC ACID

It is mainly an EXCITATORYneurotransmitter that stimulates the brain to generalized increased activity. ▪It is associated with mood, motor activity, regulation of arousal, and reward. ▪Play an important role in producing rapideye movement (REM) sleep, during which dreaming occurs. ▪Depression thought be caused by impaired monoamine transmission?

NOREPINEPHRINE

An INHIBITORY neurotransmitter in the CNS and is associated with mood, the sleep–wake cycle, habituation, and sensory perceptions, including inhibition of pain pathways in the spinal cord. ▪It is associated with mood, motor activity, regulation of arousal, and reward. ▪Play an important role in producing rapideye movement (REM) sleep, during which dreaming occurs?

SEROTONIN

They can STIMULATE →Agonists or Mimetics DIRECT STIMULATION by binding with receptors INDIRECT STIMULATION by blocking the enzymes that degrade the neurotransmitters or increasing the release of neurotransmitters?They can DECREASE THE RESPONSE → Antagonists or Blockers?

AUTONOMIC DRUGS

AMINO ACIDS: Considered the most important EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTER in the CNS. ▪Brief exposure of neurons to high concentrations can lead to neuronal cell death?

GLUTAMATE

Autonomic drugs can be ___ when they stimulate or block many receptors?

NON-SELECTIVE

Autonomic drugs can be ___ when they stimulate or block specific receptors?

SELECTIVE

Autonomic drugs can be ___ when only ONE type of receptor is stimulated or blocked?

SPECIFIC

Drugs affecting the Autonomic Nervous System: These drugs MIMIC the effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

ADRENERGIC AGONIST DRUGS (Sympathomimetics)

Drugs affecting the Autonomic Nervous System: referred to as sympatholytics because they lyse, or block, the effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS (SYMPATHOLYTIC)

"___" drugs- are used to decrease blood pressure and to relax the urinary sphincter in BPH?

ZOSIN" drugs

Drugs affecting the Autonomic Nervous System:

The Adrenergic AGONISTS: These agents stimulate ALL types of adrenergic receptors in the body by direct interaction or by releasing neurotransmitters from the nerve cells?

ALPHA and BETA AGONIST (Non-Selective)

Neuropharmacology Flashcards

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