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Pharmacology > Neuropharmacology > Flashcards

Neuropharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

The nervous system operates
through the use of ___
and ____ to transmit
information throughout the body and
to respond to INTERNAL and
EXTERNAL STIMULI.

A

ELECTRICAL IMPULSES
CHEMICAL MESSENGER

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2
Q

We can consider the nervous system as a
____ → receiving
signals from and sending commands to
different areas of the body

A

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

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2
Q

Homeostasis is defined as a
____ by
which a living organism
can maintain internal
stability while adjusting to
changing external
condition

A

self-regulating process

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2
Q

By way of this communication, the
nervous system helps to coordinate the
body functions to maintain
___.

A

HOMEOSTASIS

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3
Q

✓The two branches cooperate to achieve a balance
of readiness and relaxation.
✓Because the branches produce mostly opposite
effects, homeostasis may be achieved by changing
one or both branches?

A

SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

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4
Q

STRUCTURES OF THE NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM: Central nervous system?

A

BRAIN and SPINAL CORD

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4
Q

basic functions of the nervous system are?

A

-RECOGNIZING CHANGES
-PROCESSING AND INTEGRATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
-REACTING TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

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4
Q

STRUCTURES OF THE NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM: AUTONOMIC and SOMATIC
Systems?

A

Basic functional unit: NEURON

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4
Q

STRUCTURES OF THE NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM: Peripheral Nervous System

A

Includes CRANIAL and SPINAL
NERVES

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5
Q

The human body contains about →___
neurons. About 10 billion of these are in the BRAIN,
and the remainder make up the SPINAL
CORD and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

14 BILLION

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6
Q

Types of NEURONS: many Dendrites
and a single Axon - Ex. CNS (Brain,
Spinal Cord) and
most motor neurons?

A

MULTIPOLAR

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6
Q

Types of NEURONS: one Dendrite and
one Axon
- Ex. Eye and nasal
cavity?

A

BIPOLAR

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6
Q

Types of NEURONS: one Axon and NO
Dendrites
- Ex. Sensory neurons?

A

PSEUDO-UNIPOLAR

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7
Q

This includes many types of cells
that generally support, insulate, and
protect the delicate neurons;*It also simply called either GLIA or
GLIAL Cells?

A

NEUROGLIA

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8
Q

Types of Neuroglia: ▪Star-shaped
▪Most abundant
▪Form bloodbrain barrier?

A

ASTROCYTE

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8
Q

Types of Neuroglia: produce and
circulate
cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF)?

A

EPENDYMAL
CELLS

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8
Q

Types of Neuroglia: help remove
bacteria and cell
debris from CNS?

A

MICROGLIA

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9
Q

Types of Neuroglia: produce myelin sheath
in CNS?

A

OLIGODENDROCYTES

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9
Q

NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL DRUGS: activate the parasympathetic nervous system by mimicking the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and activating cholinergic receptors, which are divided into muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. These drugs are responsible for promoting functions that occur when the body is at rest, such as slowing heart rate, increasing salivation, stimulating digestion and urination, and enhancing gastrointestinal motility?

A

CHOLINERGIC DRUGS

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9
Q

Types of Neuroglia: Produce myelin
sheath in PNS?

A

SCHWANN CELLS

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9
Q

TYPES OF CHOLINERGIC DRUGS: These drugs directly stimulate cholinergic receptors by acting like acetylcholine. Examples include:

Bethanechol (used to treat urinary retention).
Pilocarpine (used in the treatment of glaucoma).

A

DIRECT-ACTING CHOLINERGIC DRUGS

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10
Q

TYPES OF CHOLINERGIC DRUGS: These inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which breaks down acetylcholine, allowing acetylcholine to accumulate and act longer. Examples include:

Neostigmine (used to treat myasthenia gravis).
Donepezil (used to treat Alzheimer’s disease)?

A

Indirect-acting cholinergic drugs

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10
Q

NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL DRUGS: work by activating the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), also known as the “fight or flight” response. They act on adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta receptors) by either directly stimulating these receptors or indirectly increasing the release of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline).

A

ADRENERGIC DRUGS

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11
Q

TYPES OF CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS ARE?

A

MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS
NICOTINIC RECEPTORS

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12
Q

TYPES OF CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS: Found in organs like the heart, smooth muscles, and glands?

A

MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS

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13
Q

What are the types of alpha Adrenergic Receptors?

A

ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS
ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS

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13
Q

TYPES OF CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS: Found in the neuromuscular junction (where nerves connect with muscles) and in the central nervous system?

A

NICOTINIC RECEPTORS

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14
Q

These are the therapeutic uses of____ :
Urinary retention, Glaucoma, Myasthenia Gravis, Alzheimer’s disease?

A

CHOLINERGIC DRUGS

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15
Q

Alpha-adrenergic receptors: Located mainly in the central nervous system (CNS), specifically found in the brain and spinal cord, they help regulate neurotransmitter release and lower blood pressure by decreasing sympathetic activity?

A

Alpha-2 Receptors

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15
Q

Alpha-adrenergic receptors: Found in blood vessels, bladder, and eyes. Stimulation causes vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), leading to an increase in blood pressure, constricting smooth muscles in the bladder and urethra, and dilating the pupils (mydriasis)?

A

Alpha-1 Receptors

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16
Q

What are the types of beta Adrenergic Receptors?

A

BETA1,2, and 3 receptors

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16
Q

Beta-adrenergic receptors: Located primarily in the heart, Increased heart rate, force of contraction, and release of renin (increases blood pressure)?

A

Beta-1 Receptors

17
Q

Beta-adrenergic receptors: Located in the lungs and skeletal muscles, stimulation causes bronchodilation (relaxation of the airways), vasodilation in skeletal muscles, and glycogenolysis (increase in blood glucose)?

A

Beta-2 Receptors

18
Q

Beta-adrenergic receptors: Primarily found in fat tissue, they are involved in the regulation of fat breakdown?

A

Beta-3 Receptors

19
Q

Classification of Adrenergic Drugs: These drugs bind directly to adrenergic receptors and activate them. Examples include:

Epinephrine: Stimulates alpha and beta receptors to increase heart rate, bronchodilation, and vasoconstriction.
Albuterol: A selective beta-2 agonist used to treat asthma by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle?

A

DIRECT-ACTING ADRENERGIC DRUGS

19
Q

Classification of Adrenergic Drugs: These drugs increase the release of norepinephrine or block its reuptake, thus enhancing sympathetic nervous system activity without directly binding to receptors. Examples include:

Amphetamines: Increase norepinephrine release.
Cocaine: Blocks norepinephrine reuptake, increasing its availability at adrenergic receptors?

A

Indirect-acting Adrenergic Drugs

20
Q

Classification of Adrenergic Drugs: These drugs both stimulate adrenergic receptors directly and promote the release of norepinephrine.

Ephedrine is an example, stimulating alpha and beta receptors?

A

MIXED-ACTING ADRENERGIC DRUGS

21
Q

It contains Cell Nucleus,
Cytoplasm and various granules and other
particles?

A

Cell body or Soma

21
Q

short, branch-like projections that
cover most of the surface of a neuron. These
structures, which provide increased surface area
for the neuron, bring information into the neuron
from other neurons?

A

Dendrites

22
Q

long projection from a neuron that
carries information from one nerve to another
nerve or one end of the nerve body extends into
a long process that does not branch out until the
very end of the process?

A

Axons

22
Q

are cells stimulated by a nerve,
which include a MUSCLE, GLAND or another
NERVE?

A

EFFECTOR CELLS

23
Q

These are are nerve axons/neurons or
groups of neurons that bring information to
the central nervous system; sensory nerve?

A

AFFERENT FIBERS

24
Q

These are nerve axons/neurons
or groups of neurons that carry information
from the central nervous system to an
effector; motor neurons are efferent ?

A

EFFERENT FIBERS

25
Q

It carry impulses away from
the CNS?

A

MOTOR NEURONS

25
Q

It contains the axons & dendrites?

A

NEURON

25
Q

It carry impulses to the CNS?

A

SENSORY NEURONS

26
Q

It chemical transmission of impulses from one
neuron to another?

A

SYNAPSE

27
Q

It is the study of drugs that alter processes
controlled by the Nervous System?

A

NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

28
Q

Disease states of Central Nervous System:
a) TOO MUCH?
Ex. Seizure disorders, sleep disorder)
▪Too many neurotransmitter molecules
binding to post-synapse receptors
▪(e.g. psychoses)

A

HYPEREXCITABLE NEURONS

28
Q

It is the chemical messengers that your
body can’t function without.
▪Their job is to carry chemical signals
(“messages”) from one neuron
(nerve cell) to the next target cell?

A

NEUROTRANSMITTER

29
Q

Disease states of Central Nervous System: b.) TOO LITTLE; binding to
post-synapse receptors
✓Parkinson’ disease
✓Alzheimer’s disease
✓Depression

A

Too few neurotransmitters

30
Q

Three (3) main types of
neurotransmitters are?

A

AMINES
▪AMINO ACIDS
▪PEPTIDES

31
Q

Neurotransmitters can be classified as either
excitatory or inhibitory: function is to activate receptors on the
postsynaptic membrane and enhance
the effects of the action potential?

A

EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS

32
Q

Neurotransmitters can be classified as either
excitatory or inhibitory: function is to prevent an action
potential?

A

✓INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS

33
Q

Types of Neurotransmitters: Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin? Associated with LEVEL OF AROUSAL,
MEMORY, MOTOR CONDITIONING,
and SPEECH. Exerts EXCITATORY EFFECTS at synapses
and nerve–muscle junctions and
inhibitory effects at some peripheral sites
(supplied by the Vagus nerve).
▪EXCITARY NEUROTRANSMITTER
▪High levels can lead to → Increase Saliva
and Tears, Muscle Weakness and
Paralysis, Diarrhea, Blurry Vision?

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

34
Q

I t is important for ✓MEMORY
✓LEARNING
✓BEHAVIOR
✓MOVEMENT CONTROL
▪A pleasure or reward neurotransmitter →
BRAIN releases ___ during
pleasurable activities?

A

DOPAMINE

34
Q

Types of Neurotransmitters: Aspartate
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
[GABA]
Glutamate
Glycine

A

AMINO ACIDS

34
Q

AMINO ACIDS: Inhibitory neurotransmitter synthesized
in the CNS (Central Nervous System
main inhibitor)
▪Synthesized from the amino acid
glutamate.
▪A mood regulator and expert have linked
levels of it with anxiety, depression? Cause Ca2+ influx (Calcium Influx) into
the neuron resulting in
hyperpolarization?

A

GAMMA AMINOBUTYRIC ACID

35
Q

It is mainly an EXCITATORYneurotransmitter
that stimulates the brain to generalized
increased activity.
▪It is associated with mood, motor activity,
regulation of arousal, and reward.
▪Play an important role in producing rapideye movement (REM) sleep, during which
dreaming occurs.
▪Depression thought be caused by impaired
monoamine transmission?

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

35
Q

An INHIBITORY neurotransmitter in the
CNS and is associated with mood, the
sleep–wake cycle, habituation, and sensory
perceptions, including inhibition of pain
pathways in the spinal cord.
▪It is associated with mood, motor activity,
regulation of arousal, and reward.
▪Play an important role in producing rapideye movement (REM) sleep, during which
dreaming occurs?

A

SEROTONIN

36
Q

They can STIMULATE →Agonists
or Mimetics
DIRECT STIMULATION by binding
with receptors
INDIRECT STIMULATION by
blocking the enzymes that degrade
the neurotransmitters or increasing
the release of neurotransmitters?They can DECREASE
THE RESPONSE →
Antagonists or Blockers?

A

AUTONOMIC DRUGS

36
Q

AMINO ACIDS: Considered the most
important EXCITATORY
NEUROTRANSMITTER in the
CNS.
▪Brief exposure of neurons to
high concentrations can lead
to neuronal cell death?

A

GLUTAMATE

37
Q

Autonomic drugs can be ___ when they stimulate or
block many receptors?

A

NON-SELECTIVE

38
Q

Autonomic drugs can be ___ when they stimulate or block
specific receptors?

A

SELECTIVE

39
Q

Autonomic drugs can be ___ when only ONE type of receptor is
stimulated or blocked?

A

SPECIFIC

40
Q

Drugs
affecting the Autonomic Nervous System: These drugs MIMIC
the effects of the
sympathetic nervous
system?

A

ADRENERGIC
AGONIST DRUGS
(Sympathomimetics)

41
Q

Drugs
affecting the Autonomic Nervous System: referred to as sympatholytics because
they lyse, or block, the effects of the sympathetic
nervous system?

A

ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS (SYMPATHOLYTIC)

41
Q
A
42
Q

“___” drugs- are used to decrease blood
pressure and to relax the urinary sphincter
in BPH?

A

ZOSIN” drugs

42
Q

Drugs
affecting the Autonomic Nervous System:

A
42
Q

The Adrenergic AGONISTS: These agents stimulate ALL types of
adrenergic receptors in the body by
direct interaction or by releasing
neurotransmitters from the nerve
cells?

A

ALPHA and BETA AGONIST (Non-Selective)

42
Q
A
43
Q
A
44
Q
A
45
Q
A
45
Q
A
46
Q
A
47
Q
A
47
Q
A

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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