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1. Integrating human physiology > Week 3 (neurology) > Flashcards

Week 3 (neurology) Flashcards

1
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

The study of the nervous system.
Includes structure, function, health, and disease.

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2
Q

What are neurons?

A

Fundamental units of the nervous system which connect with each other and other parts of the nervous system.

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3
Q

Describe the structure of neurons

A

Cell body (soma): contains organelles and cell processes radiate out from the cell body.
Dendrites (neuron’s receivers): receives impulses and carries the impulse toward cell body.
Axon (neuron’s transmitter): conducts impulses away from cell body.

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4
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

Responsible for sending and receiving information around the body.
Convert a stimulus to nerve impulses.

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5
Q

Name and explain the three types of neurons and

A

Sensory (afferent): make up sensory division of the PNS.
Motor (efferent): connect to muscle fibres at distal end of axon.
Interneurons: between motor and sensory neurons

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6
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Motor neuron + muscle fibres

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7
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

A

A neuron has a negative electrical potential of around -70mV.

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8
Q

What is the resting membrane potential caused and maintained by?

A

Caused by uneven separation of charged ions.
Maintained by differences in cell membrane permeability and a sodium potassium pump.

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9
Q

What is depolarisation?

A

When the inside of the cell becomes less negative in relation to outside. A decrease in potential difference across membrane.
Occurs when charge difference is move positive than RMP.

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10
Q

What is repolarisation?

A

Membrane potential returns to its resting state after an action potential towards a more negative value but continues past RMP.

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11
Q

What is hyperpolarisation?

A

Charge goes back to RMP.

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12
Q

What is a graded potential?

A

Localised change in membrane potential of depolarisation or hyperpolarisation,
Local event and depolarisation does not spread along neuron.

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13
Q

What is an action potential?

A

A rapid and substantial neuron membrane depolarisation.
Membrane potential changes from RMP to +30mV and back again.

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14
Q

When will an action potential occur?

A

If threshold level is reached.
mv from RMP of -70 to ~ -55mV)

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15
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

When the axon is in the process of generating an action potential is unable to respond to another stimulus.

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16
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

Once the axon has dealt with a stimulus, it can deal with a new stimulus is of a greater magnitude than the present one.

17
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The place where neurons connect and communicate to continue transmitting action potentials.
The site of action potential transmission from axon terminals of 1 neuron to dendrites of another.

18
Q

What does a synapse between 2 neurons include?

A

Axon terminals of presynaptic neuron.
Receptors on postsynaptic neuron.
Space between the two structure = synaptic cleft.

19
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

The site of action potential transmission from axon terminal of 1 neuron to the muscle.
Neurotransmitters released from motor neuron axon terminals bind to receptors on plasmalemma.

20
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Endogenous chemicals that allow neurons to communicate.
They carry messages from one neuron to the next nerve or effector organ cell.
Are released from vesicles into the synaptic cleft to carry messages across.

21
Q

Why are action potentials only transmitted in one direction?

A

Only the post synaptic neuron contain receptors that are specific to the neurotransmitter.

22
Q

Name the 2 parts of human nervous system

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

23
Q

Explain the sensory motor integration

A

PNS relays sensory information to CNS.
CNS interprets information and sends out appropriate motor signals.

24
Q

What is the integration centre?

A

The area where sensory impulses terminate.

25
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brian
Spinal cord

26
Q

Name the 4 major regions of the brian

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem

27
Q

Describe the cerebrum

A

Is made up of right and left hemispheres that are covered in a cerebral cortex and are connected by fibre bundles called corpus callosum.
It houses the primary motor cortex and Basal Ganglia and consists of 5 lobes; frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital and insular.

28
Q

Describe the diencephalon

A

Composed of thalamus and hypothalamus.
Thalamus: all sensory input comes here to be relayed to appropriate area of cortex. Regulates what sensory input reaches conscious brain.
Hypothalamus: maintains homeostasis.

29
Q

Describe the cerebellum

A

Crucial in coordinating timing of motor activities, progression from one movement to the next and smoothing out movements.
Compares expected/intended movement with actual changes in the body and initiates corrective adjustments.

30
Q

Describe the brain stem

A

Connects brain to spinal cord and is made up of midbrain, the pons and medulla oblongata.
Sensory and motor neurons pass through brain stem.
Houses a specialised group of neurons called the reticular formation, which are involved in CV and respiratory function control, coordinating of skeletal muscle function, influence arousal and control the pain system.

31
Q

Describe the spinal cord

A

Joins onto the lowest part of the brain stem (medulla oblongata),
Nerve fibres in spinal cord allow a 2 way conduction of nerve impulses.
Sensory (afferent) fibres: carry signals from the sensory receptors such as those on the skin and muscles to the upper levels of the CNS.
Motor (efferent) fibres carry signals from the brain and upper spinal cord to the end organs.

32
Q

What are sensory nerves?

A

Carry sensory information towards the CNS and in the spinal cord or brain.
They convey information that is received from receptors to CNS about the body’s constantly changing status.

33
Q

What are motor nerves?

A

Transmit information to various parts of the body.
Sends signals from CNS to effector organs.

34
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

The system that regulates bodily processes at a subconscious level and controls involuntary internal functions in the body.

35
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

The system that regulates conscious processes.

36
Q

Describe the sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight

37
Q

Describe the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest and digest

38
Q

Describe the enteric nervous system

A

Regulates GI function and motility.

1. Integrating human physiology (10 decks)

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