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1. Integrating human physiology > Week 1 (introduction to physiology and homeostasis) > Flashcards

Week 1 (introduction to physiology and homeostasis) Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy

A

The science of body structures and their relationships.

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2
Q

Define physiology

A

The science of body functions.

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3
Q

Name the 6 levels of structural organisation

A
  1. chemical
  2. cellular
  3. tissue
  4. organ
  5. system
  6. organism
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4
Q

Describe the chemical level

A

Atoms (smallest unit of matter)
Molecules (2 or more atoms)
Will occur repeatedly throughout all different cell types.

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5
Q

Describe the cellular level

A

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism.
They are specialised for specific functions.

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6
Q

Describe the tissue level

A

Tissues are groups of cells and surrounding material. They work together to perform a particular function. There are 4 basic types; epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous.

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7
Q

Describe the organ level

A

Organs are composed of 2 or more types of tissue.
They have specific functions and a recognisable shapes.

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8
Q

Describe the system level

A

A system is made up of many organ components that have a common function.

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9
Q

Describe the organism level

A

All the parts of our body functioning together.

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10
Q

Describe the components and functions of the integumentary system

A

Components: skin, hair, fingernails, sweat glands
Functions: protects body, regulate body temperature, sensation, insulation

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11
Q

Describe the components and functions of the skeletal systems

A

Components: bones, joints, cartilage
Functions: supports, protection, aids movement

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12
Q

Describe the components and functions of the muscular system

A

Components: skeletal muscle tissue
Functions: body movement, posture, heat production

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13
Q

Describe the components and functions of the nervous system

A

Components: brain, spinal cord, nerves, specialised organs
Functions: regulate body activity, detect and interpret changes.

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14
Q

Describe the components and functions of the endocrine system

A

Components: hormone producing glands
Functions: regulate body activity

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15
Q

Describe the components and functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Components: heart, blood vessels, blood
Functions: transport oxygen and nutrients, remove waste, regulation

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16
Q

Describe the components and functions of the lymphatic system

A

Components: lymphatic fluids, spleen, thymus
Functions: return proteins and fluid to blood, transport lipids from GI tract, immune cells

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17
Q

Describe the components and functions of the respiratory system

A

Components: lungs, pharynx, trachea
Functions: transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide, regulation of acid-base balance

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18
Q

Describe the components and functions of the digestive system

A

Components: GI tract, accessory organs
Functions: physical and chemical digestion of food, nutrient absorption, waste elimination

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19
Q

Describe the components and functions of the urinary system

A

Components: kidney, ureter, bladder
Function: produce, store and eliminate urine, eliminate waste, regulate fluid balance

20
Q

Describe the components and functions of the reproductive system

A

Components: gonads and associated organs
Functions: produce and store gametes, produce hormones

21
Q

Name and describe the 6 basic life processes

A

Metabolism: sum of all chemical processes in the body
Responsiveness: ability to detect and respond to change
Movement: motion at different levels
Growth: increase in body size
Differentiation: development of a cell from unspecialised to specialised
Reproduction: production of new cells through cell division

22
Q

What is homeostais?

A

The maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment.

23
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A

Maintains life
Detects changes before a critical state is reached.
Make sure all systems are working optimally and efficiently.
Restores the normal state of the body after disturbances.

24
Q

Which systems are the most important in homeostasis and why?

A

Endocrine and nervous system as they send messages to the body and they respond quickly.

25
Q

Describe the disturbances that can occur to the body (give examples)

A

Disturbances is normally mild and temporary and can happen to both the external and internal environments.
Prolonged and intense disturbance can affect our health.
External environment: e.g., temperature
Internal environment: e.g., insufficient blood glucose

26
Q

How do we regulate our internal environment?

A

Feedback systems/loop = cycle of events (monitor, evaluate, effect a change, re-monitor)
Control systems = maintain a variable within a given range following disturbances.

27
Q

Define stimulus

A

The thing that changes the controlled condition

28
Q

Define controlled condition

A

The variable that is being changed.

29
Q

Name the three components of a feedback loop

A

Receptor
Control centre
Effector

30
Q

Describe receptors

A

Monitors change in a controlled condition
Sends input to a control centre
Afferent pathway

31
Q

Describe the control centre

A

e.g., brain
Sets the ‘set point’ of the variable
Evaluates input from receptors
Efferent pathway

32
Q

Describe the effector

A

Receives output from the control centre
Produces a response that changes the controlled condition

33
Q

Describe a negative feedback loop

A

Change occurs in the opposite direction to the original stimulus.
Decrease in function or output
E.g., blood pressure ruses

34
Q

Describe a positive feedback loop

A

Change occurs in the same direction to the original stimulus.
Increase in function or output.
E.g., childbirth

35
Q

What does homeostasis maintain in terms of body fluids?

A

The body fluids volume and composition

36
Q

Name the two types of body fluids

A

Intracellular fluid = inside cells
Extracellular fluid = outside cells

37
Q

Give examples of extracellular fluids

A

Interstitial fluid: between cells of tissues
Blood vessels: plasma
Lymphatic vessels: lymph plasms
CNS: cerebrospinal fluid
Joints: synovial fluid
Eyes: aqueous humor and vitreous body

38
Q

What happens when there are homeostatic imbalances?

A

Development of illness, infections and diseases.

39
Q

Name the three ways to describe sensory receptors

A

Structure
Location
Type

40
Q

Describe the microscopic structure of sensory receptors

A

Free nerve endings of first-order
sensory neurons
Encapsulated nerve endings of first-order sensory neurons
Separate cells that synapse with first-order sensory neurons

41
Q

Name the three locations of sensory receptors

A

Exteroceptors
Interoceptors/visceroceptors
Proprioceptors

42
Q

Describe exteroceptors

A

Located at or near the external surface of the body.
Provide information about the external environment
Examples: hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, temperature, pain.

43
Q

Describe interoceptors

A

Located in blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles and the nervous system.
Provide information about the internal environment.
Generated nerve impulses not usually consciously perceived.

44
Q

Describe proprioceptors

A

Located in muscles, tendons, joints and inner ear.
Provide information about body position, muscle length and tension, and the position and movement of joints.

45
Q

Name and describe the 6 types of stimulus of sensory receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors: sensitive to mechanical stimuli and monitor the stretching of blood vessels and internal organs.
Thermoreceptors: detect changes in temperature.
Nociceptors: respond to painful stimuli from physical or chemical damage to tissue.
Photoreceptors: detect light that strikes the retina of the eye.
Chemoreceptors: detect chemicals in the mouth, nose and body fluids.
Osmoreceptors: detect the osmotic pressure of body fluids.

1. Integrating human physiology (10 decks)

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