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Biology 215 > Week 3 learning goals > Flashcards

Week 3 learning goals Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does the pathway begin for a molecule through the endomembrane system

A

Begins at the Hydrolase gene

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2
Q

What occurs in the nucleus for pathway of an endomembrane molecule

A

mRNA is moved out of the nucleus and translation begins

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3
Q

Signal Peptides

A

When the polypeptide begins to grow in the cytoplasm. peptides that belong in each part of the endomembrane system are relocated to their respective place as translation occurs

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4
Q

Describe the path of mRNA to the lumen of RER

A

mRNA approaches the RWR where the translocator allows it to bind to the RER

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5
Q

What happens at the RER?

A

Hydrolases fully synthesized Deposited in RER lumen Carbohydrate tag gets added - Mannose

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6
Q

Departure from RER

A

A vesicle containing hydrolase buds off the RER and fuses to Golgi

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7
Q

At the Cis Golgi Network?

A

As glycosylated hydrolase move through Golgi mannose tag’ is phosphorylated by golgi specific enzymes Result: Hydrolase w/ a Mannose - 6 Phosphate ‘tag’

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8
Q

What does the 6 of Mannose - 6 - Phosphate mean?

A

Phosphate is attached to the 6th C of Mannose - If a carb is missing the P will not add which will stop the formation of lysosomes

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9
Q

How did Ribosomes get on the RER?

A

When mRNA was begin transfer to the RER the Ribsosmes became attached for a short period but will eventually fall off

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10
Q

At the Trans Golgi Network?

A

Hydrolase w/ a M6P - tage serves as a recognition system Phosphate group binds to a receptor in Trans Golgi membrane Receptor specifically recognizes the M6P ‘tag’ b/c phosphate group Binding triggers packaging of hydrolase into a vesicle Vesicle fuses to acidified compartment endoscope

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11
Q

Endosome turns into

A

lysosome

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12
Q

Vacuoles

A

Cells may have more than 1 Function is cell specific Vary in Animals

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13
Q

Central Vacuoles - Structure

A

Mostly made of water in plants

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14
Q

Central vacuole - function

A

storage of inorganic compounds and water Maintain fluid balance Trugor pressure - to keep a plant upright

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15
Q

Food vacuoles

A

Formed by phagocytosis

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16
Q

Contractile vacuoles - Functon

A

to take up excess water

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17
Q

Mitochondria

A

multiple in a cell

Sites of Cellular respiration

In both plants and animals

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18
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Multiple in a cell

Sites of photosynthesis

Only in plants

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19
Q

Peroxisomes - structure

A

Similar in shape and size of lysosome, However is not apart of the endomembrane system

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20
Q

Peroxisomes - function

A
  1. Compartmentalize H2O2 producing rxns
  2. H2O2 breakdown
  3. Breakdown of long chain of fatty acid via B- oxidation
  4. Detoxification of oxidizable substances EX: alcohols
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21
Q

Explain the compartmentalizing of H2O2 producing rxns

A

Certain enzymes found in the peroxisome catalyze the breakdown of organic molecules

R to generate H202

RH2 +O2 –> R +H2O2

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22
Q

Explain why the breakdown of H2O2 occurs in Peroxisomes

A

H2O2 is too toxic for cells

H2O2 produced in peroxisome is then degraded into H2O +O2

  • Degradation of H2O2 is catalyzed by other peroxisomal enzymes

EX: Catalase/ peroxidase

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton - structure

A

Network of protein fibers and associated proteins

  • Network extends throughout the cytoplasm and underlie NE
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24
Q

Cytoskeleton - function

A

Organizes structures and activities in the cell

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25
Q

Cytoskeletal Associated Motor Proteins

A

Used to move vesicles from one place to another

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26
Q

Describe the possible origin og the endomembrane system

A

The possible origin could be the PM

In the early development of the cell infolding of the PM was done which allowed the endomembrane system to be connected

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27
Q

Symbiosis

A

“living together”

In biology = a close long term interaction btwn two diff. species

EX: ants and acacia trees/ bird + turtle

Occurs due to some type of necessary benefit

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28
Q

Explain the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts - originator + her ideas

A

Idea comes from Lynn Margulis in the late 1960’s

Hypothesis: Mito + Clr originated as free living prokaryotes

The idea is…

Smaller prokaryoteengulfed by larger prokaryotic organism

Symbiotic relationship developed

Dependency increased over time such that cells became one

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29
Q

Explain the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

A

The engulfment of the proteo bacteria came first

All eukaryotes gave mito then second rise to animals then the addition of the chloroplasts gave rise to the addition of plants

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30
Q

Evidence in support of the endosymbiotic theory

A
  1. Mito/ Clr similar size in prokaryotes
  2. Replicate by binary fission
  3. Double Membrane
  4. 70S ribosomes
  5. Circular genome
  6. Genoome sequence similarities to their respective bacterias
  7. Reduction of organellar genomes
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31
Q

Describe the Double membrane associated with the endosymbiotic theory

A

Inner membrane - similar to PM of prokaryotes

Outer membrane - may have been derived from host ‘phagosome’

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32
Q

Describe the reduction of organellar genomes in regards to the endosymbiont theory

A

Gene transfer between host and endosymbiont

Many genes need by mito/ clr are nuclear encoded

sequences similarity b/w genes in nucleus (of plants and people) and cyanobacteria/ proteobacteria

  • Which suggest previous connection
33
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

Occurs when genetic information is passed “sideways” to a relatively unrelated organism (as opposed to a direct descendent).

34
Q

What is Neutrophil

A

able to detect bacteria using the receptors that are lined on it’s PM

35
Q

Describe the movement of neutrophil

A

The microfilament polarize to go toward bacterium

  • As bacterium move the strength of the receptors adjust according to the direction the receptor may have moved in
  • E to conduct this movement is taken from the mitochondria

After - Neutrophil is engulded by phagosomes that are linked to lysosomes which lyzed the bacterium

36
Q

List the 5 elements found in all living things

A

O

P

C

H

N

37
Q

Compostion of Oxygen in the human body?

A

65%

38
Q

Compostion of Carbon in the human body?

A

18.5%

39
Q

Compostion of hydrogen in the human body?

A

9.5%

40
Q

What is percent of Nitrogen in the human body?

A

3.3

41
Q

Why is there so much Oxygen in the human body

A

Because the ,ajority of out body is made of H2O and O makes up most of the weight of the molecule. Also most cells have 70% water

Most cellular rxns take place in an aq enviroment

Cells in the human body are typically surrounded by aq fluids

42
Q

Explain why certain elements are ‘reactive’. What makes them reactive? Explain the role played by valence electrons when determining reactivity.

A

Certain elements are more reactive because they have less valence electrons which will allow more electrons from other elements to fill in.

43
Q

Define Electronegativity

A

The affinity(Wanting/ giving) of an atom/ molecule for electrons

44
Q

Desribe the EN trend

A

Across a row - Increases

Down a column - Decreases

45
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Sharing of e-

46
Q

Polar covalent

A

electrons are no shared equally

47
Q

Why aren’t the electrons shared equally in a polar covalent bond?

A

Because atoms involved have unequal sharing due to EN difference btwn atoms

Inequality results in one part of a molecule being more negative than another part

Molecule thus has negative and positive poles like water

48
Q

Are polar molecules hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic = water loving

SO it is water soluble

49
Q

Nonpolar molecules

A

electrons are equally shared

50
Q

why are nonpolar molecules equally shared ?

A

atoms involved gave relatively same EN values

No one part of the molecule is distinctly postive or negative - no poles

51
Q

are nonpolar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic = water fearing

SO IT IS NOT WATER SOLUBLE

52
Q

Ionic bond

A

formed through electrostatic between oppositely charged ions

Electrons are NOT shared

53
Q

What causes an ionic bond?

A

Due to attraction between…

an atom that has lost 1 or more e-

and an atom that has gained 1 or more e-

54
Q

H bonds

define and what atoms can it bond w/?

A

Forces between polar molecules

Can form between H and N

Specifically involves H bound to a more EN atom such AS N, O, F of another molecule

55
Q

Are the electrons shared in H bonds?

A

No H bonds are electrostatic interaction between dipoles

56
Q

London Dispersion Forces

A

Temporary attractive force

  1. Found in all molecules
  2. Weakest of all forces
  3. Result when electrons in 2 adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles b/c constant movements
57
Q

Differentiate between a carboxylic acid and a carboxylate. Which one is protonated? Which one is charged?

A

Left is protanates

Right is unprotonated

58
Q

Define an organic molecule

A

hydrocarbon based molecule

The presence of C alone DOES NOT constitute an organic molecule

59
Q

Describe the properties of carbon that make it well suited to form the backbone of organic molecules.

A

Capable of forming 4 bonds

Relatively neutral EN

Covalent bonds

Forms stable molecules

60
Q

Distinguish the various types of macromolecules found in living things.

A

Lipids

Carbs

Nucleic Acids

Proteins

61
Q

Why are lipids not considered polymers?

A

Lipids are different from other macromolecules b/c

not formed by the same type of linear polymerizations as proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides

However they are still considered a macromolecule due to their high molecular weight and importance in cellular structures

*particularly membranes

62
Q

Monomer units used to construct the polymeric macromolecules - Carbs

A

Monosaccharides

63
Q

Monomer units used to construct the polymeric macromolecules - Nucleic Acids

A

nucleotides

64
Q

Monomer units used to construct the polymeric macromolecules - proteins

A

amino acids

65
Q

Breakdown of organic macromolecules occurs by

A

hydrolysis rxns.

66
Q

Organic macromolecules are synthesized by

A

condensation rxns

67
Q

Describe phosphorolysis

A

Using a P group to lyze a molecule

EX: Glycogen (storage polymer)

Polymer +Glycogen → Monomer w/ PO3 2- and Polymer w/ 1 less group

68
Q

General properties of lipids

A

little affinity for water - Not soluble in water (hydrophobic molecules)

Readily soluble in non polar solvents.

Some lipids are amphipathic, havinf a polar + nonpolar regions

69
Q

Functions of lipids

A

E storage

Membrane structure

Signal Transduction

70
Q

Carbohydrate is ..

A

the most abundant organic molecule on Earth

  1. Cellulos - produced by photosynthetic organisms
  2. Chitin - fungal cell walls, exoskeletons of arthropods
71
Q

Main functions of carbohydrates

A

Structural components & Storage = Major E source –> Glucose

72
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars

generally have a molecular formula that is some multiple of CH2

73
Q

Disacharides

A

join together monosaccharides via condesation to form a glycosidic bond

74
Q

Glyscosidic bond

A

type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule

*another group may or may not be another carbohydrate

→ when joined to lipid = glycolipid

→ when joined to protein = glycoprotein

Linkage identified by the carbon # of each monomer unit

EX: C1 of first monomer joined to C4 of second monomer = 1→ 4 glycosidic linkage

75
Q

polysaccharide

A

a carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number os sugar molecules bonded together

76
Q

Monosaccharides can exists as…

A

linear chains or rings

Rings are more energitically favorable; more stable

Rings acan exists in alpha or beta form

77
Q

Explain the difference between an alpha and a beta isomer.

A

Alpha - -OH on same side of ring

Beta- -OH on opposite side of ring

78
Q

Alpha glucose

A

All glucose subunits are oriented in the same direction

Tends to form loose helical structures eg - starch/ glycogen

79
Q

Beta glucose

A

Each glucose subunit is rotated 180 compared to its neighbor

OH on C6 alternated on each monomer in the polymer

Allows formation of linear rigid, rods

Can pack close together w/ other rods to form ‘rope’

Biology 215 (4 decks)

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