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Biology 215 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the sedimentation coefficient

A

A measure of how rapidly a particle sediments when subjected to centrifugal force
- Larger/ denser particles tend to sediments faster this have a higher S value.
Precise def: ratio of particle’s sedimentation terminal velocity to the acceleration that is applied to it

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2
Q

How is the sediment coefficient used in cell biology.

A

To identify where particles have originated from.

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3
Q

Cytoplasm - Function

A

To hold the internal contents of cytosol, organelles and sub cellular structures

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4
Q

Cytosol

A

semi fluid material

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5
Q

Plasma Membrane (PM) - Structure

A

Thick layer of about 4-8 nm (40-80 A) of lipids and proteins

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6
Q

PM - Function

A

Behaves as a boundary between cell and external environment

  • Defines the cell
  • Regulates movement in/out
  • Mediates communication w/ external environment via protein receptors
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7
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM) - Structure

A

Fibrous network made of various proteins and/ or polysaccharides
ECM is linked to cell via PM components like integrin (inter membrane proteins)

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8
Q

What is the difference between ECM between species

A

It varies
Animals made of the fibrous protein - collagen
Plants made of polysaccharide - cellulose

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9
Q

ECM - function

A
  1. Provide support and structure by:
    - Cell walls of plants (cellulose) or fungi (chitin)
    - Bone Matrix
    - Protection against osmotic pressure changes
  2. Adhesion/ anchorage to surrounding medium (ex: tissue formation)
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10
Q

Nucleus - structure

A

Large organelle ~ 5- 6 micrometers in diameter and 10% of cell volume

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11
Q

Nucleus - function

A

Stores DNA = Control Center

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12
Q

Nuclear Envelope (NE) -Structure

A

surrounds the nucleus/ has a double membrane

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13
Q

NE - Function

A

Holds DNA in one part of the cell

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14
Q

Nuclear Lamina - Structure

A

Network of intermediate filaments ( components of the cytoskeleton)
Lamina lies just beneath the inner later of the NE

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15
Q

Nuclear Lamina - Function

A

Scaffolding by holding the cell up to support the nuclear structure
- Thought to also play a role in chromatin organization

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16
Q

Nuclear Pores - Structure

A

Regulated openings throughout the NE

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17
Q

Nuclear Pores - Function

A

Openings are controlled by NPC

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18
Q

Nuclear Pore Complex - Purpose

A

Behaves sort of like a basket by catching what doesn’t belong
- Controls movement of substances in/out the nucleus

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19
Q

Nucleolus - Structure

A

Region within the Nucleus
Cluster Region of ribosomal RNA genes surrounded by specific RNA’s and proteins
- Site of ribosomal subunit

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20
Q

Endomembrane System includes (7 organelles)

A 
NE
ER
Golgi 
Lysosomes 
Vacuoles 
PM 
Transport vesicles
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21
Q

Endomembrane system is

A

a comprise system of membranes + internal spaces

Components can be directly connected to each other pr connected via transport vesicles

22
Q

Rough ER - Structure

A

Large, Flattened Sheets
Ribosomes are temporally bound to cytosolic side
directly outside of the nucleus

23
Q

Rough ER - Function

A

Produces proteins and glycoproteins

Products are distributed throughout EM system via transport vesicles included secreted products

24
Q

Smooth ER - Structure

A

lacking in ribosomes right next to the RER

25
Q

Golgi apparatus - structure

A

system of flattened sacs

26
Q

Golgi - function

A

receives many of the transport vesicles produced in the ER
Modifies the ER products
Manufacture of polysaccharides - sorts and packages molecules for transport to final destinations

27
Q

Lysosomes - structure

A

membranous sauce of hydrolytic enzymes

28
Q

lysosomes - function

A

Intracellular DIGESTION

29
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Conducted by the lysosome

: Ingestion of large particles (.0.5 micrometer diameter)

30
Q

Autophagy

A

process of organelle degradation that takes place inside the cell - used to remove old/ damaged cell structures.

31
Q

Cis Golgi Network

A

close to the ER

32
Q

Trans (TGN)

A

Other side

33
Q

Are ribosomes organelles

A

no they are sub cellular component

34
Q

Structure of ribosomes

A

RNP - Ribonucleo protein complex
Complex of RNA molecules + proteins
Sizes of ribosomes vary btwn prokaryotes and eukaryotes

35
Q

Ribosome equation for prokaryotes

A

50S+ 30S= 70S

36
Q

Ribosome equation for eukaryotes

A

60S+ 40S= 80S

37
Q

Make up of Bacterial Cell walls

A

Peptidoglycan

38
Q

Make up of Archaea cell walls

A

proteinaceous walls

peptidoglycan like called Pseudomurein

39
Q

What is the lumen of an organelle?

A

A luminous term referring to the channel within a tube such as a blood vessel or to the cavity within a hollow organ such as the intestine.
the internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle;

40
Q

Peptide

A

any compound composed of amino acids with the chemical structure of an amide between a carboxyl group of one amino acid and an amino group of another amino acid.

41
Q

Explain why antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections w/o affecting human cells

A

Certain antibiotics work by inhibiting the CW biosynthesis - meaning compromising the integrity of the CW
–> By making bacteria susceptible to osmotic pressures –> while weakening CW’S so they will become lysed.

42
Q

Explain what prokaryotic protein synthesis inhibitors do?

A

certain antibiotics work by inhibiting ribosome activity

43
Q

Purpose of the Gram Stain

A

technique used to ID bacteria based on CW characteristics
used as a preliminary diagnostic tool
EX: Used to establish presence/ absence of bacteria

44
Q

Method of Gram Stain

A

Cells are stained w/ purple dye –> Rinse w/ alcohol –> Stain again w/ counter stain (usually red dye)

45
Q

Gram Positive bacteria

A

Have thick cell walls with larger amounts of peptidoglycan

46
Q

Results of staining Gram positive staining

A

CW traps purple dye in cytoplasm –> Positive Purple

EX: Streptococcus

47
Q

Gram Negative Bacteria

A

CW is located btwn PM and outer membrane

CW is thinner w/ less peptidoglycan

48
Q

Results of Gram negative bacteria staining

A

Cell appears to be pink/ red after counter stain EX: Chlamydia

49
Q

Gram variable

A

some stain can have mixed variables EX: leprosy

50
Q

Initiation of Translation

A

Scanning until start codon is found causing the subunit ribosomes to attract

51
Q

Elongation of Translation

A

Chain of peptides begin to grow

52
Q

Termination of Translation

A

Release factor moves into the A site and the unit disassembles and the chain breaks off

Biology 215 (4 decks)

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