Week 3: Individual Health Determinants Flashcards
1
Q
Describe Stress (12 points)
A
- A type of response
- Tension, discomfort, depression, anxiety, physical symptoms (corticosteroids hormones)
- Strain on our ability to cope effectively
- Variety of stressors
- Everyone will respond differently
- Stress as a stimuli: Identifying what caused the stress/susceptibility in people
- Stress as a response: What happens in stressful situations
- Stress as a transaction
- Transaction between people and the environment
- Primary appraisal – is this harmful?
- Secondary appraisal – can I cope with this?
- If we cannot cope, more likely to experience issue to stressful event
2
Q
Describe the relationship between stress and ill health (4 points)
A
- Stress has direct links between incidence and progression of cardiovascular disease
- Stress increases the risk of heart arrhythmias, high blood pressure, hardening of the arteries, inflammation in blood vessels
- Stress related to weight gain = Stress increases cortisol levels which contributes to increased sense of hunger
- Other issues = Mental health, Hair loss, Diabetes, Impaired immunity
3
Q
Describe causes of stress (4 points)
A
- Major life events
- Hassles
- Specific factors: Money, work, family responsibilities, personal and family health, relationships
- Interpretation of event, coping behaviour and resources, difficulty recalling events accurately, chronic or ongoing stressors
4
Q
Describe strategies to cope with stress (11 points)
A
- Constantly changing cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)
- Problem-focused Coping
- Active coping
- Planning/Tackle the challenge
- Self-control
- Confrontational coping
- Emotion-focused coping
- Handle the emotions occurring
- Acceptance of responsibility
- Positive reinterpretation and growth
- Distancing
5
Q
Describe burnout (8 points)
A
- State of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by excessive and prolonged stress
- Reduced productivity, reduced energy, feelings of helpless, hopelessness, cynical and resentful, decreased motivation, feeling of not having enough
- Often related to work factors but can be a result of lifestyle or personality traits
- Growing issue (and exacerbated with COVID)
- Treatment steps: Recognise, reverse, and resilience
- Social support
- Re-evaluate priorities
- Exercise and diet
6
Q
Describe the terms overweight and obese (8 points)
A
- Abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk of health (WHO, 2016)
- Fatness = abundance of adipose tissue, in which energy is stored in the form of fat cells (Bjorntorp, 2002)
- Fat can be stored around organs (visceral fat) or skin (subcutaneous fat)
- National priority health area
- Sustained energy imbalance when energy intake through eating and drinking is more than energy expended through physical activity (AIHW, 2016)
- Weight loss: at least of 5% loss of body weight
- Weight maintenance: Weight change of less than 3%, and prevention of weight regain
- Weight regain: Substantial loss is consistent with a change in weight of 3% to less than 5%
7
Q
Describe the prevalence of obesity (12 points)
A
- 1.5 billion people globally are overweight, 200 millions are obese (WHO, 2011)
- In Australia, 8.4% burden of disease contributed to overweight and obesity in 2015
- 1 in 5 (20%) children between 2 and 4 overweight or obese
- 11% were overweight and 9% were obese
- 1 in 4 (27%) children between 5 and 17 were overweight or obese
- 20% were overweight and 7% were obese
- 2 in 3 (63%) or 11.2 million Australian adults were overweight or obese
- 35.5% were overweight and 27.9% were obese
- 71% of male compared to 59% of female
- Increases with age, with most common age group 55-64yo (74.7%) Australia has the 6th highest proportion of overweight or obese people aged 15+ among OECD member countries in 2019
- Regional areas had higher rates of adult rates than metropolitan and regional locations. 68.5% in regional areas compared with 60.7% in metro
- Education, employment and income all play a part in people’s health behaviours in the home environment. Lowest socioeconomic areas were more likely to be obese (38%) compared to the highest socioeconomic areas (24%)
8
Q
Describe Body Max Index (13 points)
A
- Frequent screening measure used that takes into consideration a person’s height and weight
- BMI = weight (kilograms)/height (meters2)
- Screening tool
- Advantages
- Easy to collect and relatively common
- General idea and measures across groups
- Considers height
- Disadvantages
- Does not measure fat directly
- Does not compare where weight comes from (lean tissue or fat)
- Overestimates risk
- Muscular, healthy people would weigh more due to muscle mass yet classified as obese.
- Can be used with other measurements such as abdominal measurements (waist circumference), measuring body fat
9
Q
Describe Waist Circumference (4 points)
A
- Used with BMI
- 24% of men and 21% of women had a waist circumference to indicate an increased risk of metabolic complication
- Women (45%) were more likely than men (35%) to have a waist circumference leading to substantially increased risk
- Age increased risk
10
Q
Describe caloric balance (8 points)
A
- Theoretically, to lose weight, it is a balance between energy intake and energy expenditure.More energy expenditure than energy intake creating an energy deficit (Eat less, move more)
- Yet
- Not as simple as it sounds (prevalence levels)
- Body composition and age influences this process
- Rule of thumb
- To lose 0.45 kg of fat = approx. 3,500 kcals
- Physical Activity Energy expenditure varies for activity
- Tip the balance scale depending on need
11
Q
Describe the Health consequences associated with obesity (8 points)
A
- Overweight or obese associated with higher death rate to all causes (di Angelantonio et al., 2016)
- Class 1 obesity < life expectancy by 2-4yrs, Class 3 < life expectancy by 8-10yrs (NHMRC, 2013)
- Overweight and obesity lead to higher likelihood of chronic diseases and death
- Increasing risk for coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney disorder, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, sleep apnoea, psychological disorders, some musculoskeletal conditions.
- Link to cancer sites with increased change of colorectal, prostate, ovary, cervix, and breast in women over 60 (Parr et al., 2010)
- Being overweight or obese may hamper or control chronic diseases
12
Q
Describe the Impact of overweight or obesity on Health Expenditure (6 points)
A
- Estimated cost of obesity in 2011-12 was $8.6 billion
- Potentially rising to $87.7 billion in 2025 (PwC Australia, 2015)
- Direct cost = $3.8 billion, Indirect cost = $4.8 billion
- 124,600 weight-loss surgery were billed to Medicare in 2014-15 (representing $62.8 million)
- 1 in every 8 admissions to hospital; 1 in every 6 days in hospital; 1 in every 6 dollars spent on hospitalisations
- 53% of diabetes burden and 45% of osteoarthritis burden were due to overweight and obesity.
13
Q
What contributing factors are uncontrolled determinants and controlled determinants? (14 points)
A
- UNCONTROLLABLE DETERMINANTS
- Physiological, genetic, and hormonal factors- Genetics for appetite/satisfaction
- Metabolic rates
- Fat cells (hyperplastic obesity)
- CONTROLLABLE DETERMINANTS
- Environmental factors- Greater access to high-calorie food
- Lack of physical activity
- Psychological and socioeconomic factors - Emotional insecurities (comfort food)
- Social outings
- Less availability for fresh, nutrient-dense foods
- Sleep deprivation
14
Q
Describe Nutrition (4 points)
A
- Study of food and how food nourishes our body and influences our health
- Eating patterns, recommendation on what foods we should eat, how much we should eat, food safety and global food supply
- Long connection between nutrition and health but focus mainly developed with better understanding of lifestyle factors on health
- Nutrition is a bit of a complex (and controversial) area
15
Q
Describe the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (3 points)
A
- Eat a balanced, varied diet
- Adequate food intake
- Nutrient-dense diet
16
Q
Describe the relationship between diet and wellness (4 points)
A
- Supports the ability to perform activities of daily living
- Enhances ability to concentrate and perform mental tasks
- Strengthens our bodies ability to fight infections and maintaining our immune system
- Provides social interactions through shared cooking and eating experiences
17
Q
Describe the relationship between diet and risk of disease (4 points)
A
- Diet can relate to being overweight and obesity
- Link between obesity and illness
- Diet can contribute to disease
- Cardiovascular disease, stroke and diabetes
18
Q
Describe the relationship between Physical Activity and Nutrition (3 points)
A
- Reciprocal relationship
- Nutrition is influenced by how much energy we expend doing daily activities
- Level of physical activity has a major impact on how we use the food we eat
19
Q
Describe the relationship between Physical Activity and Eating Disorder Issues (6 points)
A
- Eating disorders are a serious psychological conditions
- Involves distortions in eating, weight-control, body-related perceptions
- Clinical and sub-clinical conditions
- Link between physical activity and eating disorder issues
- Athletes have a slightly higher prevalence than general public for clinical and subclinical levels
- Yet, there are psychosocial pressures leading to eating disorders
20
Q
Describe Sleep (5 points)
A
- A reversible behavioural state of perceptual disengagement from the environment
- Circadian rhythm – regulated by internal processes that coordinates the neural cells activation, protein, and genes to lead to sleep
- Two primary sleep stages (alternating)
1. REM (rapid eye movements) sleep – heightened brain activation
2. Non-REM sleep – slowed brain activity
21
Q
Describe the two primary stages of sleep (7 points)
A
- Non-REM Sleep
- Restorative
- Brainwaves, HR, breathing slows
- Body stores nutrients - REM Sleep
- Brain waves similar to if a person was awake
- Dreaming
22
Q
Describe sleep needs (5 points)
A
- Vary from person to person
- Women need more sleep than men (CDCP, 2015)
- Sleep requirements change over lifespan
- We should spend approximately a third of the day asleep (approximately 7 or more hours each night)
- More than 9 hours of sleep may be appropriate for young adult, recovering from sleep debt, recovery from illness
23
Q
Describe sleep deprivation (4 points)
A
- A condition that occurs when sleep is insufficient
- Drowsiness, sluggishness and lack of mental alertness
- In US (2015), drowsy driving contributed to 100,000 police related crashes, 71,000 injuries, and 1500 deaths (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2016)
- Occupation, driving, pain and injuries, gender, sleep disorders
24
Q
Describe the Importance of Sleep (8 points)
A
- Improved quality of life and daily functioning
- Improved physical health
- Increased sleep: reduces cardiovascular disease, decreased risk of diabetes, improves motor performance
- Improved body energy and immune system
- Mental health
- Increased sleep: improves cognitive functioning
- Stress management
- Coping and resilience
25
List factors impacting sleep (5 points)
1. Caffeine
2. Nicotine
3. Alcohol
4. Limit screen time
5. Tune out/conflict (emotional stressors)
26
Describe the process in creating a sleep-promoting environment (8 points)
- Cool temperature
- Remove sensory stimuli
- Routine
- Go to bed when you are tired
- Daytime activities:
- Exposure to daytime sunlight
- Exercise
- Diet
