Week 1: Activity, Inactivity and Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
Describe individual health (8 points)
A
- “A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (World Health Organisation 1946)
- 6 categories of health:
- Physical health: body e.g., fitness, not being ill;
- Mental health: positive sense of purpose and an underlying belief in one’s own worth;
- Emotional health: ability to feel, recognise and give a voice to feelings and to develop and sustain relationships;
- Social health: sense of having support available from family and friends;
- Spiritual health: recognition and ability to put into practice moral or religious principles or beliefs and the feeling of having a purpose in life;
- Sexual health: acceptance and ability to achieve a satisfactory expression of one’s sexuality.
2
Q
Describe measuring health (7 points)
A
- 6 common measure of health status
1. Life expectancy: The number of years of life, on average, remaining for an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change. The most commonly used measure is life expectancy at birth.
2. Mortality: The number or rate of deaths in a population in a given period.
3. Morbidity: ll health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population (often expressed through incidence, prevalence and comorbidity measures
4. Disability-adjusted life year (DALY): One year of healthy life lost due to illness and/or death. DALYs are calculated as the sum of the years of life lost due to premature death and the years lived with disability due to disease or injury.
5. Health-adjusted life expectancy: The average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health; that is, time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury.
6. Self-assessed health status: An individual’s opinion about their health at a given point in time.
3
Q
Describe dimensions of health (5 points)
A
- Four dimensions of health, based on a macro to micro system:
1. Global: sustainability over time, the outer most circle
2. Environmental: physical environment in which people live
3. Societal: link between health and the way society is structured
4. Individual: the centre of the dimensional circle
4
Q
Describe the models of health (13 points)
A
- Two models of health
1. Medical model - Health is the absence of disease
- Health services are geared towards treating the sick and the disabled
- High value is placed on specialize medical services
- Health workers diagnose and treat and sanction the “sick role”
- The pathogenic focus emphasizes finding biological cause
2. Social Model - Health is a product of social, biological and environmental factors
- Services emphasize all stages of prevention and treatment
- Less emphasis is placed on the role of specialists- the is more attention to self help and community activity
- Health workers enable people to take greater control over their own health
- A salutogenic focus emphasizes understanding why people are healthy
5
Q
Describe Salutogenesis Model of Health (2 points)
A
- the study of the origins (genesis) of health (saluto)
- Rather than focusing on the factors that cause disease (i.e., pathogenesis), salutogenesis focuses on the factors that support human health and well-being
6
Q
Describe influences and determinants of health (4 points)
A
- Genetic and biological factors which determine an individuals predisposition to disease. This is the only factor that is not modifiable;
- Lifestyle factors in which health behaviours contribute to disease;
- Environmental factors including housing and pollution;
- Extent and nature of health services.
7
Q
How does physical activity effect physical health? (16 points)
A
- Skeletal System
- Bone density in youth
- Osteoporosis
- Muscular System
- Hypertrophy
- Strength and endurance
- Blood flow
- Cardiovascular System
- Cardiac mass
- Stroke volume and cardiac output
- HR and blood pressure (lower)
- Respiratory System
- Increased ventilatory-diffusion efficiency
- Metabolic System
- Decreased adiposity (fancy word for obesity or being fat)
- Increased insulin-mediated glucose uptake
8
Q
Describe the health consequences of non-activity (10 points)
A
- CVD such as: Stroke, and high blood pressure
- Colon cancer
- Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
- Osteoarthritis
- Psychological Effects
- Quality of Life
- Depression
- Mood
- Anxiety
- Sleep
9
Q
Describe physical activity (5 points)
A
- Physical Activity: any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle contracture that results in energy expenditure (Casperson 1985).
- Umbrella term: includes exercise, activities of daily living, sport, outdoor recreational activity
- Is utilized for physical fitness, which is divided into two sub categories:
- Health-related physical fitness
- Performance-related physical fitness
10
Q
List the current physical activity objectives (6 points)
A
- Increase the amount, duration, and intensity of physical activity in our communities
- Improve cardiorespiratory fitness
- Improve muscle strength and endurance
- Improve flexibility
- Improve physical education for all ages and groups in society
- Increase the number of fitness programs in organizations e.g. ride to work, subsidized gym memberships
11
Q
Why Measure Physical Activity? (5 points)
A
- Monitor trends in physical activity in populations;
- Determine the relationship between physical activity and health (including the ‘dose’ of physical activity related to specific outcomes;
- Document the prevalence and distribution of physical activity in defined population groups;
- Identify biological, psychosocial, and environmental factors that influence physical activity;
- Evaluate the efficacy of programs to increase physical activity in defined groups or populations
12
Q
What are the components of physical activity? (4 points)
A
- Frequency (how often)
- Time (how long)
- Type (activity completed)
- Intensity (how difficult)
13
Q
List important measurement issues (7 points)
A
- PA is body movement: Gardening, walking, running
- Energy Expenditure: A consequence of body movement - related to body size
- All PA’s have an energy requirement or metabolic cost
- This is often expressed in Metabolic Equivalents (METs)
- Used to express the rate of oxygen use
- Are multiples of resting oxygen consumption
- Unrelated to duration of an activity
14
Q
Describe types of PA measures (8 points)
A
- Several types of PA measures are available to assess the parameters of PA
- Examples: Energy expenditure, HR, units of movements (counts), or responses to a questionnaire
- Ability to accurately assess PA varies greatly
- Reactivity and self-report bias can be problems
- 3 types of techniques:
- Subjective techniques
- Objective techniques
- Criterion techniques
15
Q
Describe subjective measuring technique for physical activity (9 points)
A
- Types:
- Global Self-Assessment
- Self-Report Measures
- Diaries
- Physical Activity Log Book
- Example scenarios best suited for this technique:
- Physical activity vs exercise
- Children
- Individuals with a cognitive impairment
16
Q
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of subjective measuring technique for physical activity (10 points)
A
- Advantages:
- Can be used with large samples
- Relatively cheap and quick
- Can collect quantitative and qualitative information
- Low participant burden
- Can be used to estimate energy expenditure.
- Disadvantages:
- Recall and other bias
- Reduced reliability
- Reduced validity (misinterpretation)
17
Q
Describe Global Self-Assessment (5 points)
A
- Sufficient (meeting guidelines)
- At least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activity on most (5) days per week.
- 150 minutes per week or 150 minutes per week spent over 5 sessions.
- Insufficient- completing some physical activity but not enough to meet the physical activity guidelines.
- Sedentary- reporting completing no physical activity at all.
18
Q
Describe Self-Report Measures (5 points)
A
- Most popular tool for population surveys and epidemiological studies
- Self-completed or interview administered (telephone, mail, computer or face-to-face)
- Recall periods range from 1-day to lifetime
- Unobtrusive, non-reactive and cost effective
- Provide information on the type of activity.
19
Q
Describe objective measuring technique for physical activity (8 points)
A
- Pedometer
- Accelerometer
- GPS monitors
- Heart rate monitoring
- Direct observation
- Potential issues:
- Cost?
- Assessor training?
20
Q
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of objective measuring technique for physical activity (9 points)
A
- Advantages:
- Avoid recall issues and bias
- Based on most common/ relevant activities
- Provide comparable data within samples
- Disadvantages:
- Can be expensive
- No data on type of activity
- Difficult to use with large studies
- May require assessor training.
21
Q
List the advantages and disadvantages of measuring via Pedometer (12 points)
A
- Advantages:
1. Measure the number of steps/week or steps/day;
2. Output: no. of steps, distance
3. Cost-effective
4. Practical in walking studies
5. Useful for detecting change in walking activity over time. - Disadvantages:
1. No information on intensity, duration and frequency of physical activity;
2. Insensitive to many forms of physical activity (e.g activity that isn’t walking based)
3. Step counts can be influence by body size and speed of locomotion
4. Some evidence of reactivity
5. Cheaper brands are inaccurate.
22
Q
List the advantages and disadvantages for criterion measuring technique for physical activity (9 points)
A
- Advantages
1. Very accurate data (regarding duration, frequency and type)
2. Often used in studies with children
3. Can assess environmental and policy change - Disadvantages
1. Requires multiple observers
2. Time consuming
3. Behaviour change
4. Data reduction is labour intensive
23
Q
Describe the practical considerations for measurement selection (3 points)
A
- When choosing the correct type of measure, two factors must be considered:
- Requirements of a physical activity measure
- Characteristics of the study and population
24
Q
List the requirements of a physical activity measure (8 points)
A
- Valid
- Reliable
- Non-Reactive
- Sensitive
- Practical (e.g utility)
- Cost
- Training required
- Burden to participants
25
Describe the characteristics involved in measurement selection (12 points)
1. Study characteristics
- Budget
- Geographic location
- Sample size
- Objectives
2. Population characteristics
- Age
- Cognition
- Health status
- Race/ethnicity
- Gender
- Socioeconomic status
26
State the physical activity recommendations for children 0-5 years (4 points)
- All Children (Birth to 5 years): Infants, toddlers and pre-schoolers should not be sedentary, restrained, or kept inactive, for more than one hour at a time, with the exception of sleeping.
- Infants (Birth to 1 year): For healthy development in infants, physical activity – particularly supervised floor-based play in safe environments – should be encouraged from birth.
- Toddlers (1 to 3 years) and pre-schoolers (3 to 5 years): Toddlers and pre-schoolers should be physically active every day for at least three hours, spread throughout the day.
- Adult caregivers of preschool-aged children should encourage active play that includes a variety of activity types.
27
State the physical activity recommendations for children 5-17 years (8 points)
- Physical Activity Guidelines:
- For health benefits, children aged 5–17 years should accumulate at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity every day in a range of age appropriate activities.
- A variety of aerobic activities, including some vigorous intensity activity.
- On at least three days per week, activities that strengthen muscle and bone should be engaged
- To achieve additional health benefits, children should engage in more activity (up to several hours per day).
- Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines
- Minimize the time spend being sedentary every day. Limit use of electronic media for entertainment (e.g. television, seated electronic games and computer use) to no more than two hours a day – lower levels are associated with reduced health risks.
- Break up long periods of sitting as often as possible.
28
State the physical activity recommendations for adults 18-64 years (8 points)
- Physical Activity Guidelines
- Adults should move more and sit less throughout the day. Some physical activity is better than none. Adults who sit less and do any amount of moderate-to vigorous physical activity gain some health benefits.
- Be active on most, preferably all, days every week.
- Accumulate 150 to 300 minutes (2 ½ to 5 hours) of moderate intensity physical activity or 75 to 150 minutes (1 ¼ to 2 ½ hours) of vigorous intensity physical activity, or an equivalent combination of both moderate and vigorous activities, each week. But benefit exist above these levels.
- Do muscle-strength activities on at least 2 days each week and that involve all major muscle groups on 2 or more days a week, as these activities provide additional health benefits.
- Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines
- Minimise the amount of time spent in prolonged sitting.
- Break up long periods of sitting as often as possible.
29
State the physical activity recommendations for adults > 65 years (5 points)
- The key guidelines for adults also apply to older adults. In addition, the following key guidelines are just for older adults:
- As part of their weekly physical activity, older adults should do multicomponent physical activity that includes balance training as well as aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities.
- Older adults should determine their level of effort for physical activity relative to their level of fitness.
- Older adults with chronic conditions should understand whether and how their conditions affect their ability to do regular physical activity safely.
- When older adults cannot do 150 minutes of moderateintensity aerobic activity a week because of chronic conditions, they should be as physically active as their abilities and conditions allow
30
State the functional physical activity guidelines for adults > 65 years and adults with clinical significant chronic conditions (5 points)
- Older adults should:
1. Do moderately intense aerobic exercise, 30 min a day, 5 days a weeks OR vigorously intense aerobic exercise, 20 min a day, 3 days a week
2. Do 8-10 strength training exercises, 10-15 repetitions of each 2-3 times per week
3. Do balance exercises (if at risk of falling)
4. Have a physical activity plan
31
List the National Physical Activity Guidelines for Australians (4 points)
1. Think of movement as an opportunity, not an inconvenience.
2. Be active every day in as many ways as you can.
3. Put together at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days.
4. If you can, also enjoy some regular, vigorous exercise for extra health and fitness.
32
Describe the PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF HEALTH BEHAVIOUR (6 points)
- Belief that there is an intimate relationship between the mind and body
- Body, mind, and social environment are interrelated and influence behaviour
- Genetic and biological factors which determine an individuals predisposition to disease
- Lifestyle factors in which health behaviours contribute to disease;
- Environmental factors including housing and pollution
- Extent and nature of health services.
33
Describe how exercise is modifiable (3 points)
- Exercise Adoption: Beginning regular, purposeful and structured physical activity
- Exercise Adherence: Maintaining an exercise regimen for a prolonged period of time following the initial adoption phase.
- Exercise Maintenance: Sustaining a regular exercise program for a specific period of time, usually at least six months
34
Describe MODERATORS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY (5 point)
- Variable that can be used to divide participants into subgroups for whom the intervention works differently.
- Examples:
- Age
- Gender
- Socioeconomic status
35
Describe MEDIATORS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY (2 points)
- Mechanism which the intervention is believed to influence PA behaviour.
- Your intervention needs to impact upon a mediator of change in order to be successful.
36
List the correlates to health behaviour (5 points)
1. Demographic/Biological
2. Psychological
3. Behavioral
4. Socio-cultural
5. Environmental
37
List examples of demographic and biologic factors (12 points)
1. Age
2. Blue collar occupation
3. Childless
4. Education
5. Gender
6. Hereditary
7. High risk of heart disease
8. Income/ socioeconomic status
9. Injury history
10. Marital status
11. Overweight/ obesity
12. Race/ ethnicity
38
List examples of PSYCHOLOGICAL , COGNITIVE, AND EMOTIONAL FACTORS (22 points)
1. Attitudes
2. Barriers to exercise
3. Control over exercise
4. Enjoyment of exercise
5. Expected benefits
6. Health locus of control
7. Intention to exercise
8. Knowledge of health and exercise
9. Lack of time
10. Mood disturbance
11. Normative beliefs
12. Perceived health or fitness
13. Personality variables
14. Poor body image
15. Psychological health
16. Self-efficacy
17. Self-motivation
18. Self-schemata for exercise
19. Stage of change
20. Stress
21. Susceptibility to illness
22. Value of exercise outcomes
39
List examples of BEHAVIOURAL ATTRIBUTES AND SKILLS (13 points)
1. Activity history during childhood
2. Activity history during adulthood
3. Alcohol
4. Contemporary exercise program
5. Dietary habits
6. Past exercise program
7. Processes of change
8. School sports
9. Skills for coping with barriers
10. Smoking
11. Sports media use
12. Type A behaviour pattern
13. Decisional balance
40
List examples of SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS (10 points)
1. Class size
2. Exercise models
3. Instructor
4. Group cohesion
5. Past family influences
6. Physician influences
7. Social isolation
8. Social support from friend/peers
9. Social support from spouse/family
10. Social support from staff/ instructor
41
List examples of PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT FACTORS (17 points)
1. Access to facilities (actual)
2. Access to facilities (perceived)
3. Adequate lighting
4. Climate/season
5. Cost of programs
6. Disruptions in routine
7. Enjoyable scenery
8. Frequently observe others exercising
9. Heavy traffic
10. Home equipment
11. High crime rates in the region
12. Hilly terrain
13. Neighbourhood safety
14. Presence of sidewalks
15. Satisfaction with facilities
16. Unattended dogs
17. Urban locations
42
Describe the process of determining associations of correlates, moderators and mediators with physical activity (8 points)
- Need to understand:
1. The strength of the association
2. Temporal sequencing is necessary (does one occur before another?)
3. Stronger causal evidence includes demonstrating a dose-response relationship
4. Causal model needs to be conceptually plausible.
- Correlates: Relationship between variables
- Moderators: Influences on variables
- Mediators: Explainers between variables
