Week 3: Health Behavior Change: History & Models Flashcards
What are the 4 models of health behavior change?
A:
1. Health Belief Model
2. Theory of Planned Behavior
3. Transtheoretical Model
4. Nutrition-Based Approaches.
B:
1. Behavior Modification Techniques.
2. Eastern Philosophical Approaches.
3. Medical Interventions Model.
4. Health Determinants Framework.
C:
1. Health Belief Model.
2. Theory of Planned Behavior.
3. Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change Theory).
4. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy approaches
C:
1. Health Belief Model.
2. Theory of Planned Behavior.
3. Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change Theory).
4. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy approaches
Regarding the Health Belief Model, a behavior change depends on what 2 things?
A:
1. Social Media Influence
2. Government Regulations Compliance
B:
1. Financial status belief
2. Belief in endorsements
C:
1. Health threat belief
2. Belief that the behavior can reduce threat
C:
1. Health threat belief
2. Belief that the behavior can reduce threat
Regarding health threat belief, behavior change depends on what 3 things?
A:
1. Health value
2. Susceptibility belief
3. Severity belief
B:
1. Social support belief
2. Self-efficacy belief
3. Attitude belief
C:
1. Motivation belief
2. Time commitment belief
3. Convenience belief
A:
1. Health value
2. Susceptibility belief
3. Severity belief
MORE DETAILS (w/ breast cancer as an example):
1. Health value: You need to value your health. People who don’t care about their health are not going to go and get screened or treated for anything.
EXAMPLE: “Being healthy is great and you’ll live longer”
- Susceptibility belief: You have to feel vulnerable or susceptible that you’re actually going to get x, y, or z for you to believe that there is an actual health threat that you want to manage. An example is a non-smoker who never gets checked for lung cancer. If you don’t think you’re susceptible to get lung cancer you’re probably not going to go and get screened.
EXAMPLE: “Breast cancer is very common.” Provide them with facts!
- Severity belief: You have to believe that the “thing,” whatever it might be, is bad enough for you to actually do something about it.
EXAMPLE: “Breast cancer is very deadly.” Provide them with facts.
Regarding belief that the behavior can reduce threat, behavior change depends on what 2 things?
A:
1. Believe behavior is effective
2. Believe benefits outweigh barriers
B:
1. Social approval belief
2. Accessibility belief
C:
1. Popularity belief
2. Social approval belief
A:
1. Believe behavior is effective
2. Believe benefits outweigh barriers
MORE DETAILS (w/ breast cancer as an example):
1. Believe behavior is effective: For instance, if you’ve been a lifelong smoker you might not believe that changing your behavior can actually help you. So in order for this to take place you need to make someone believe that the new behavior can actually make them feel better or live longer.
EXAMPLE: “Mammography dramatically decreases
your odds of dying from breast cancer. ” Provide them with facts!
- Believe benefits outweigh barriers: Let’s say you’re trying to convince someone with an alcohol addiction not to go out drinking with their friends. They might say they won’t be fun if they go out and don’t drink, or get made fun of, etc. You need to convince them by saying, yeah but you could be the designated driver and you’ll be the only one without a hangover tomorrow, and you’re going to save so much money.
EXAMPLE: “Early detection means lumpectomy
instead of full mastectomy or chemo. The radiation risks are small and the cost is low.” Provide them with facts!
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the health belief model?
A: STRENGTHS: Provides a comprehensive understanding of individual beliefs. Emphasizes subjective perceptions. WEAKNESSES: Overlooks social and environmental factors. Assumes universal ability to change behavior skills.
B: STRENGTHS: Includes useful constructs (i.e.
ideas/concepts). Focuses on people’s beliefs – it is a
subjective model. WEAKNESSES: Assumes people have the skills to alter behavior. Ignores social context of many health behaviors. Most relevant for preventative
behaviors.
C: STRENGTHS: Incorporates psychological aspects effectively. Focuses on personal perceptions. WEAKNESSES: Limited applicability to diverse social contexts. Assumes individuals possess necessary behavior-change skills.
B: STRENGTHS: Includes useful constructs (i.e.
ideas/concepts). Focuses on people’s beliefs – it is a
subjective model. WEAKNESSES: Assumes people have the skills to alter behavior. Ignores social context of many health behaviors. Most relevant for preventative
behaviors.
With the Theory of Planned Behavior Model, you have to change somebody’s _________ to get them to change their behavior.
A: Intentions
B: Attitudes
C: Habits
A: Intentions
Regarding the Theory of Planned Behavior Model, a behavior change depends on what 3 things?
A: Motivations, beliefs, and emotions.
B: Attitudes, norms & control
C: Expectations, values, and personality traits.
B: Attitudes, norms & control
Regarding attitudes, behavior change depends on what 2 things?
A:
1. Knowledge about the behavior
2. Emotional responses to the behavior
B:
1. Past experiences with the behavior
2. Peer pressure related to the behavior.
C:
1. Beliefs about the outcome
2. Evaluations of the outcome
C:
1. Beliefs about the outcome
2. Evaluations of the outcome
MORE DETAILS:
1. Beliefs about the outcome: “If I stop drunk driving, I won’t get into an accident and die”
- Evaluations of the outcome: “Living is good.”
Regarding norms, behavior change depends on what 2 things?
A:
1. Expectations and beliefs of people who matter to you
2. Motivation to comply with norms
B:
1. Individual personal preferences
2. Social media influence.
C:
1. Environmental conditions
2. Economic factors in the community.
A:
1. Expectations and beliefs of people who matter to you
2. Motivation to comply with norms
MORE DETAILS (with smoking as the example):
1. Expectations and beliefs of people who matter to you: how do most of the people in your circle feel about smoking? What are their expectations and beliefs about smoking? This will influence you.
- Motivation to comply with norms: If your inner circle believes that smoking is bad for you and expects that you’ll quit you must be motivated to comply with these norms and take the steps required to quit smoking.
Regarding control, behavior change depends on what 2 things?
A:
1. Approval from friends and family
2. Availability of social support
B:
1. Genetic predisposition
2. Adverse childhood experiences
C:
1. Need to feel that you are capable of doing it
2. That the action will have the intended effect.
C:
1. Need to feel that you are capable of doing it
2. That the action will have the intended effect.
MORE DETAILS (with smoking as the example):
1. Need to feel that you are capable of doing it: You need to make it clear that it is possible to quit smoking. That there are clear steps to get there. That other people have done it successfully and so can they. Maybe suggest things like a nicotine patch or other methods to help them quit.
- That the action will have the intended effect: They need to know that quitting is worth it. You could show them the lungs of a long-term smoker before they quit smoking and after. If they can see the regeneration it may prove to them that their health will actually improve and they could even increase their lifespan.
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Theory of Planned Behavior Model?
A: STRENGTHS: Predicts actual behaviors accurately. WEAKNESSES: Ignores social aspects and focuses solely on individual beliefs.
B: STRENGTHS: Incorporates social aspects of health behaviors (in norms). Doesn’t assume people want to be healthy (in attitudes). Includes a person’s beliefs about their ability to change (in control). WEAKNESSES: Predicts intentions, not actual behaviors. People don’t always do what they intend to do.
C: STRENGTHS: Only considers individual beliefs, which simplifies the model. WEAKNESSES: Overemphasizes the role of intentions in predicting behavior.
B: STRENGTHS: Incorporates social aspects of health behaviors (in norms). Doesn’t assume people want to be healthy (in attitudes). Includes a person’s beliefs about their ability to change (in control). WEAKNESSES: Predicts intentions, not actual behaviors. People don’t always do what they intend to do.
The Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change Theory) was designed to help people with ________________.
A: Chronic physical illnesses
B: Genetic predispositions
C: Addictive behavior
C: Addictive behavior
So we’re talking substance abuse, smoking, and other things like not versus for instance screening for HIV. You’ll see this when you take a look at how the model was formulated.
They asked “What works to help addicted people recover,” and found ten techniques that were successful and then broke those 10 techniques into 6 different stages - slide 24
What are the 10 Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change Theory) techniques:
A: 1. Giving info about the problem. 2. Having people assess how they feel about problem. 3. Committing to act. 4. Substituting alternative behaviors. 5. Avoiding risky situations. 6. Reward self for success. 7. Get help from trusted friends. 8. Experiencing feelings
about problems. 9. Change the environment. 10. Increase available alternative for healthy behaviors in society.
B: 1. Applying psychodynamic therapy to induce behavior change. 2. Utilizing cognitive-behavioral techniques to influence stage progression. 3. Recommending exposure therapy as part of the change process. 4. Incorporating acceptance and commitment therapy for stage advancement. 5. Implementing mindfulness-based interventions for behavior modification. 6. Advising the use of behavior activation strategies for stage transitions. 7. Suggesting dialectical behavior therapy to facilitate stage progression.
8. Prescribing motivational interviewing techniques for behavior change. 9. Proposing electroconvulsive therapy for accelerating stage changes. 10. Applying humanistic approaches, such as client-centered therapy, to support transitions.
C: 1. Suggesting psychopharmacological interventions to facilitate behavior change. 2. Incorporating neuropsychological assessments to guide stage-specific interventions. 3. Recommending biofeedback techniques for promoting awareness during stages. 4. Advocating for transcranial magnetic stimulation as a supplementary stage intervention. 5. Advising the use of narrative therapy to reshape individuals’ stories during stages. 6. Introducing behavioral economics principles to influence decision-making in stages. 7. Implementing virtual reality exposure therapy to simulate real-world scenarios. 8. Promoting the use of neurofeedback to enhance self-regulation during stages. 9. Applying positive psychology interventions to foster strengths during stage progression. 10. Integrating psychoeducational programs on brain plasticity to motivate stage changes.
A: 1. Giving info about the problem. 2. Having people assess how they feel about problem. 3. Committing to act. 4. Substituting alternative behaviors. 5. Avoiding risky situations. 6. Reward self for success. 7. Get help from trusted friends. 8. Experiencing feelings
about problems. 9. Change the environment. 10. Increase available alternative for healthy behaviors in society.
6 Stages of Change Theory:
A: 1. Apathy: Feeling indifferent about the need for behavior change. 2. Detoxification: Removing toxic elements from the environment as a primary step. 3. Hesitation: Uncertain about the necessity for behavioral modifications. 4. Rebellion: Resisting any form of change or intervention. 5. Repetition: Continuously engaging in the same unhealthy behavior without reflection. 6. Overanalysis: Excessive contemplation without commitment to action.
B: 1. Precontemplation: No intention of changing behavior. 2. Contemplation: Aware a problem exists. No commitment to action. 3. Preparation: Intent upon taking action. 4. Action: Active modification of behavior. 5. Maintenance: Sustained change, new behavior replaces old behavior. 6. Relapse: Fall back into patterns of behavior.
C: 1. Distraction: Diverting attention away from recognizing the need for change. 2. Isolation: Withdrawing from external influences and support systems. 3. Denial: Refusing to acknowledge the existence of a problematic behavior. 4. Procrastination: Delaying any action towards behavior modification.
5. Perfectionism: Believing that change must be flawless, hindering progress. 6. Indulgence: Overlooking the consequences and indulging in the existing behavior.
B: 1. Precontemplation: No intention of changing behavior. 2. Contemplation: Aware a problem exists. No commitment to action. 3. Preparation: Intent upon taking action. 4. Action: Active modification of behavior. 5. Maintenance: Sustained change, new behavior replaces old behavior. 6. Relapse: Fall back into patterns of behavior.
NOTE: This is an upward spiral where they learn from each relapse
How do the 10 techniques fit into the 6 stages of change?
A: In the contemplation stage, individuals are not only aware of the problem but actively engage in modifying their behavior and sustaining the change. This stage involves a commitment to action, which may create confusion with the intended progression from awareness to commitment during later stages.
B: If someone is between precontemplation and contemplation you’ll see techniques like giving info, experiencing feelings about the problem, and change in the environment. If someone is between contemplation and preparation you’ll see techniques like assessing how they feel. If someone is between preparation and action you’ll see techniques like committing to act
If someone is between action and maintenance you’ll see techniques like substituting alternatives, avoiding risky situations, rewarding self, getting help, and increasing alternatives in society.
C: The preparation stage, often associated with intending to take action, is mistakenly linked to techniques like assessing how one feels about the problem. This misinterpretation may lead to a misunderstanding of the stage’s focus on planning and commitment rather than emotional assessment.
B: If someone is between precontemplation and contemplation you’ll see techniques like giving info, experiencing feelings about the problem, and change in the environment. If someone is between contemplation and preparation you’ll see techniques like assessing how they feel. If someone is between preparation and action you’ll see techniques like committing to act
If someone is between action and maintenance you’ll see techniques like substituting alternatives, avoiding risky situations, rewarding self, getting help, and increasing alternatives in society.
