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Ocular Anatomy and Physiology > Week 3: Gross Anatomy of the Skull and Orbit > Flashcards

Week 3: Gross Anatomy of the Skull and Orbit Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bone?

A
  • Hard connective tissue
  • Consists mainly of the skeleton of most vertebrates
  • Organic component: cell and matrix
  • Inorganic: minerals (e.g. calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate)
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2
Q

Function of bones?

A
  • Support & protect the body
  • Provide points of attachment & levers for muscles
  • Reservoir for several minerals of the body
  • Contains bone marrow
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3
Q

What are the two bone structures and explain their characteristics?

A
  1. Compact/Cortical (dense bone)
    - Outer shell & surrounds spongy bone
    - Softer in children
  2. Spongy/Trabecular (cancellous)
    - Inner part
    - Consists of bone spicules and haemopoietic cells
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4
Q

What are the types of marrow and what do they contain?

A
  1. Red marrow
    Contains: RBCs, platelets and most WBCs
  2. Yellow marrow
    Contains: some WBCs, fat cells, newborns do not contain these until 6-7 months
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5
Q

List the types of bones

A
  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
  • Sesamoid bones
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6
Q

What is the shape of long bones and an example?

A
  • Shape: tubular, have shaft between two heads

- E.g: femur (upper bone of leg)

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7
Q

What is the shape of short bones and an example?

A
  • Shape: cuboidal (similar width & length)

- E.g: bones of wrist

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8
Q

What is the shape of flat bones and an example?

A
  • Shape: flat & thin with two compact bone plates separated by spongy bone
  • E.g: skull
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9
Q

What is the shape of irregular bones and an example?

A
  • Shape: bones of various shapes

- E.g: facial bones

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10
Q

What is the shape of sesamoid bones and an example?

A
  • Shape: round oval bones that develop within tendons

- E.g: patella (front of knee joint)

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11
Q

What are the two surrounding bones and describe their characteristics

A
  1. Periosteum
    - External surface of the bone is covered with periosteum
    - Outer layer consists of dense vascular connective tissue
  2. Articular Cartilage
    - white, smooth tissue that covers the surfaces of bones in joints
    - allows joints to easily glide over each other
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12
Q

What is the blood supply process to the bone and its innervation?

A

Blood supply process:

  1. Adjacent arteries branches a nutrient artery that enters internal cavity of bone, suppling to marrow, spongy bone & inner layers of compact bone
  2. Periosteum receives blood from vessels that supply outer layers of compact bone
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13
Q

Name the cranium bones and how many there are

A
  • Frontal x1
  • Parietal x2
  • Occipital x1
  • Temporal x2
  • Sphenoid x1
  • Ethmoid x1
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14
Q

What does the cranium contain? (hint: 4)

A
  1. Brain
  2. Meninges (dura mater, pia mater & arachnoid)
  3. Blood vessels
  4. Nerves
    - 12 cranial
    - Sympathetic & parasympathetic nerves
    - Vessels & nerves pass through foramina
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15
Q

Define sutures?

A
  • Immovable joints found between bones in people aged around > 14 months
  • Narrow seams of fibrous connective tissue
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16
Q

Name all the sutures

A
  • Coronal suture
  • Sagittal suture
  • Lambdoid suture
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17
Q

Name CNI, the location, type (sensory/motor nerve) and function

A
  • Name: Olfactory
  • Location: travels through cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
  • Type: sensory
  • Function: sense of smell
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18
Q

Name CNII, the location, type (sensory/motor nerve) and function

A
  • Name: optic
  • Location: travels through the optic foramen
  • Type: sensory
  • Function: sense of vision
19
Q

Name CNIII, the location, type (sensory/motor nerve) and function

A
  • Name: oculomotor
  • Location: travels through the superior orbital fissure
  • Type: motor
  • Function: eye movement
20
Q

Name CNIV, the location, type (sensory/motor nerve) and function

A
  • Name: trochlear
  • Location: travels through the superior orbital fissure
  • Type: motor
  • Function: eye movement - intorsion, depression & abduction
21
Q

Name CNV, the location, type (sensory/motor nerve) and function

A
  • Name: trigeminal
  • Location: travels through the superior orbital fissure - 3 branches: ophthalmic division (v1), maxillary (v2), mandibular (v3)
  • Type: both
  • Function: facial motor & sensory
22
Q

Name CNVI, the location, type (sensory/motor nerve) and function

A
  • Name: abducens
  • Location: travels through the superior orbital fissure
  • Type: motor
  • Function: eye movement
23
Q

Name CNVII, the location, type (sensory/motor nerve) and function

A
  • Name: facial
  • Location: travels through internal auditory canal
  • Type: both
  • Function: facial & motor sensory
24
Q

Name CNVIII, the location, type (sensory/motor nerve) and function

A
  • Name: vestibulocochlear
  • Location: travels through internal auditory canal
  • Type: sensory
  • Function: audiotory & balance
25
Q

Name CNIX, the location, type (sensory/motor nerve) and function

A
  • Name: glossopharyngeal
  • Location: travels through jugular foramen
  • Type: both
  • Function: oral sensation & taste
26
Q

Name CNX, the location, type (sensory/motor nerve) and function

A
  • Name: vagus
  • Location: travels through jugular foramen
  • Type: both
  • Function: sensory, motor & parasympathetic
27
Q

Name CNXI, the location, type (sensory/motor nerve) and function

A
  • Name: accessory
  • Location: travels through jugular foramen
  • Type: motor
  • Function: neck & head turning
28
Q

Name CNXII, the location, type (sensory/motor nerve) and function

A
  • Name: hypoglossal
  • Location: travels through hypoglossal canal
  • Type: motor
  • Function: moving tongue
29
Q

Name the floors of the cranium

A
  1. Anterior cranial fossa
  2. Middle cranial fossa
  3. Posterior cranial fossa
30
Q

What are the borders and important landmarks for anterior cranial fossa?

A
  • Borders: frontal bone, lesser & greater wing of sphenoid, ethmoid bone
  • Important landmarks: contains frontal lobes of cerebral hemispheres
31
Q

What are the borders and important landmarks for middle cranial fossa?

A
  • Border: lesser & greater sphenoid, temporal bones, parietal bones
  • Important landmarks:
    pre-chiasmatic sulcus, sella turcica: pituitary gland located in it, cavernous sinus
32
Q

What are the borders, contents and important landmarks for posterior cranial fossa?

A
  • Borders: dorsum sellae of sphenoid, occipital bone, temporal bone
  • Important landmarks: foramina magnum, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, internal audiotory canal
  • Contents: cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
33
Q

Name the fourteen facial bones and how many

A
  • Zygomatic x2
  • Maxilla x2
  • Nasal x2
  • Lacrimal x2
  • Vomer x1
  • Palatine x2
  • Inferior conchae x2
  • Mandible x1
34
Q

Name the orbital margins and what they are formed by

A
  • Supra-orbital margin: frontal bone
  • Infra-orbital margin: zygomatic bone (laterally), maxilla (medially)
  • Lateral margin: frontal process of zygomatic, zygomatic process of frontal
  • Medial margin: maxillary process of frontal bone, lacrimal process of frontal bone
35
Q

Name the bones consisting of the roof of orbit and its strength

A
  • Consisting of: lesser wing of sphenoid & frontal bone

- Strength: thin & fragile

36
Q

Name the bones consisting of the floor of orbit and its strength

A
  • Consisting of: zygomatic bone, maxilla, palatine bone

- Strength: weakest wall

37
Q

Name the bones consisting of the medial wall of orbit and its strength

A
  • Consisting of: lesser wing of sphenoid, ethmoid bone, maxilla
  • Strength: very thin
38
Q

Name the bones consisting of the lateral wall of orbit and its strength

A
  • Consisting of: greater wing of sphenoid, frontal bone, zygomatic bone
  • Strength: thickest wall
39
Q

List what paranasal sinuses is lined with, filled with and its functions

A
  • Lined with mucoperiosteum
  • Filled with air: lightens the skull
  • Functions: crumple zone to protect vital structures & increases speech resonance
40
Q

What are the three opening into the orbital cavity and describe what it transmits and supplies

A
  1. Infraorbital groove
    - Contains infraorbital nerve
    - Becomes infraorbital canal as it passes through maxilla
    - Infraorbital nerve emerges from infraorbital foramen
  2. Anterior ethmoidal foramen
    - Transmits: anterior ethmoidal nerve, vein & artery
    - Supplies: anterior & middle ethmoidal sinuses, frontal sinuses, lateral nasal wall & nasal septum
  3. Posterior ethmoidal foramen
    - Transmits: posterior ethmoidal nerve, vein & artery
    - Supplies: posterior ethmoidal & sphenoid sinuses
41
Q

What causes blow out fracture of the orbit, its symptoms and results

A
  • Cause: blunt trauma to or around the eye, coughing or sneezing (rare)
  • Symptoms: diplopia, gaze restrictions
  • Result: can lead to extraocular muscle entrapment resulting in restriction on upgaze or downgaze
42
Q

What are the structures surrounding the orbit?

A
  • Superior: frontal sinus, anterior cranial fossa
  • Medial: ethmoidal sinus
  • Inferior: maxillary sinus
43
Q

Describe periorbital and its function?

A
  • Layer of thick connective tissue lining the orbit
  • Loosely attached to the underlying bone except at the orbital margin, edges of fissures and foramina
  • Functions: serves as attachment sites for muscles, tendons and ligaments to the orbital bone
    support structure for blood supply
44
Q

Describe orbital septum and its function?

A
  • Continuous at orbital margin with periorbita
  • Circular sheet from rim of orbit to tarsal plate
  • Functions: prevent facial infection from entering the orbit
    keeps orbital fat tissue in place

Ocular Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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