week 3- Grains and nutrition Flashcards
Nutritional issues of grains – Chronic disease; – Grains and our microbiome alliance for health; – Gluten Intolerance.
What is the difference between chronic diseases and infectious diseases?
Chronic diseases are non-contagious.
where does food fit into chronic diseases?
Portions sizes, dietary habbits and lifestyle are risk factors of chronic disease. Obesity is a big risk factor for chronic disease- food is a cause of obesity.
BMI overweight
25-30
Obese BMI
above 30
What are some causes of obesity
Genectics Hormonal/ physiological Sedentary lifestyle irregular/ unhealthy dietary patterns psychosocial
When does insulin resistance occur
when our bodies are no longer sensitive to it, leaving the glucose in our blood.
Glycemic index
explains how different carbohydrates are digested at different rates. related to the spike in blood glucose.
High GI
rapid spike
Low GI
much lower glucose response
relates to the rate of glucose released from the starch. Preferred.
How is RNAi involved in changing starch genes
it functions to silence the activity of a gene.
How is RNAi used to change the GI of starch
silencing the main synthase leads to GI decreasing from 85-64
Often low GI foods are also high in
dietary fibre
Dietary fibre
derived from cell wall material, which we cannot break down, and also starch that is not digested, but becomes fermented in the large intestine.
Are RS and DF digested
No they are fermented.
Where does the fermentation of Carbs occur
in the large intestine by microflora
fermentation produces
Gases which are absorbed or expelled, and it produces short chain fatty acids such as butyrate, propionate, and acetate.
The 3 broad groups of colonic microbes
Bacteroides
prevotella
ruminococcus
Prevotella group are associated with what type of diet?
Diets rich in Carbohydrates and high in fibre
Higher producers of butyrate
Bacteroides group are associated with diets rich in?
proteins and animal fat
low producers of butyrate
How is butyrate anticarcinogenetic
enhances DNA repair,
enhances activity of detoxifying enzyme,
inhibits tumour cell migration, inhibits
tumour-induced angiogenesis.
How is butyrate anti-inflammatory
by regulating particular chemical pathways
how is butyrate defending
reinforces colonic defence barrier through mucosal secretions to prevent invasion by nasty pathogens
Pulses are considered under the category of grains. How do they differ botanically from grains?
Pulses are in the legume family whilst cereals are the grass family. Pulses are dicotyledons whilst cereals are monotyledons. in cereals the storage organ is in the endosperm, it is in the first two leaves in pulses. Pulses are very colourful.
What is nutritious about the proteins and the carbohydrates in pulses?
proteins have a lower bioavailability score then meat proteins because of lower sulfur. CHO are high in resistant starch and dietary fibre.
Why are the beans in Baked Beans called Navy Beans?
Has undergone retrogradation?
If you compare a snack of a piece of white bread compared to the same weight of baked beans, what is the major nutritional difference?
Higher in dietary fibre.
What is the sugar, or oligosaccharide in pulses, that is not found in cereal grains?
Raffinose.
What is aquafaba and what are its special properties?
Foam from beating chickpea albumin (commercial name).
