week 3- Grains and nutrition

Question 1

What is the difference between chronic diseases and infectious diseases?

Answer 1

Chronic diseases are non-contagious.

Question 2

where does food fit into chronic diseases?

Answer 2

Portions sizes, dietary habbits and lifestyle are risk factors of chronic disease. Obesity is a big risk factor for chronic disease- food is a cause of obesity.

Question 3

BMI overweight

Answer 3

25-30

Question 4

Obese BMI

Answer 4

above 30

Question 5

What are some causes of obesity

Answer 5

Genectics 
Hormonal/ physiological 
Sedentary lifestyle 
irregular/ unhealthy dietary patterns 
psychosocial

Question 6

When does insulin resistance occur

Answer 6

when our bodies are no longer sensitive to it, leaving the glucose in our blood.

Question 7

Glycemic index

Answer 7

explains how different carbohydrates are digested at different rates. related to the spike in blood glucose.

Question 8

High GI

Answer 8

rapid spike

Question 9

Low GI

Answer 9

much lower glucose response

relates to the rate of glucose released from the starch. Preferred.

Question 10

How is RNAi involved in changing starch genes

Answer 10

it functions to silence the activity of a gene.

Question 11

How is RNAi used to change the GI of starch

Answer 11

silencing the main synthase leads to GI decreasing from 85-64

Question 12

Often low GI foods are also high in

Answer 12

dietary fibre

Question 13

Dietary fibre

Answer 13

derived from cell wall material, which we cannot break down, and also starch that is not digested, but becomes fermented in the large intestine.

Question 14

Are RS and DF digested

Answer 14

No they are fermented.

Question 15

Where does the fermentation of Carbs occur

Answer 15

in the large intestine by microflora

Question 16

fermentation produces

Answer 16

Gases which are absorbed or expelled, and it produces short chain fatty acids such as butyrate, propionate, and acetate.

Question 17

The 3 broad groups of colonic microbes

Answer 17

Bacteroides
prevotella
ruminococcus

Question 18

Prevotella group are associated with what type of diet?

Answer 18

Diets rich in Carbohydrates and high in fibre

Higher producers of butyrate

Question 19

Bacteroides group are associated with diets rich in?

Answer 19

proteins and animal fat

low producers of butyrate

Question 20

How is butyrate anticarcinogenetic

Answer 20

enhances DNA repair,
enhances activity of detoxifying enzyme,
inhibits tumour cell migration, inhibits
tumour-induced angiogenesis.

Question 21

How is butyrate anti-inflammatory

Answer 21

by regulating particular chemical pathways

Question 22

how is butyrate defending

Answer 22

reinforces colonic defence barrier through mucosal secretions to prevent invasion by nasty pathogens

Question 23

Pulses are considered under the category of grains. How do they differ botanically from grains?

Answer 23

Pulses are in the legume family whilst cereals are the grass family. Pulses are dicotyledons whilst cereals are monotyledons. in cereals the storage organ is in the endosperm, it is in the first two leaves in pulses. Pulses are very colourful.

Question 24

What is nutritious about the proteins and the carbohydrates in pulses?

Answer 24

proteins have a lower bioavailability score then meat proteins because of lower sulfur. CHO are high in resistant starch and dietary fibre.

Question 25

Why are the beans in Baked Beans called Navy Beans?

Answer 25

Has undergone retrogradation?

Question 26

If you compare a snack of a piece of white bread compared to the same weight of baked beans, what is the major nutritional difference?

Answer 26

Higher in dietary fibre.

Question 27

What is the sugar, or oligosaccharide in pulses, that is not found in cereal grains?

Answer 27

Raffinose.

Question 28

What is aquafaba and what are its special properties?

Answer 28

Foam from beating chickpea albumin (commercial name).