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PYB210: Research Design & Data Analysis > Week 3: Experimental Designs & Controls > Flashcards

Week 3: Experimental Designs & Controls Flashcards

1
Q

Experimental research designs

A

Aims to establish cause & effect relationships between IV and DV via manipulation & control.

Relies on randomisation of participants into test conditions.

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2
Q

Quasi-experimental research design

A

The same as an experimental research designs by aiming to establish cause and effect relationship between IV and DV.

Key difference: participants are assigned into groups based on non-random criteria.

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3
Q

Non-experimental research design

A

Aims to establish a relationship without inferring cause & effect.

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4
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A non-experimental research method where behaviour is observed and recorded in real-world settings.

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5
Q

Case Studies

A

And intensive study of an individual subject.

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6
Q

Survey research

A

A non-experimental research design which primarily uses surveys as its method for collecting data.

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7
Q

Evaluation research

A

A non-experimental research design which examines the effects of intervention (policy or practice)

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8
Q

Internal validity

A

how strongly can we assert that changes in our DV are down to our IV and not extraneous variables

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9
Q

External Validity

A

how generalisable are our findings - can we relate findings in sample back to population

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10
Q

Experimental manipulation of the IV

A

experimenter determines which level of the IV a participant is tested at

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11
Q

Individual difference manipulation

A

a characteristic of the participant determines the level of the IV at which they are tested

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12
Q

Repeated measures experimental design

A

each participant is tested at each level of the IV

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13
Q

Between groups experimental research design

A

each participant is only tested at one level of the IV

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14
Q

Mixed experimental research design

A

more than one IV with at least one IV manipulated between groups and at least one within groups

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15
Q

Factorial research design

A

Used to manipulate more than one IV at the same time.
Measures the interaction effects between IVs.
Split into main effects and interaction effects.
May include both repeated measures & between groups designs.

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16
Q

Separation

A

maximise the variation between groups/levels of the IV

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17
Q

Compression

A

minimise the variation within groups/levels of the IV

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18
Q

Self-assignment

A

Participants assign themselves

19
Q

Experimenter assignment

A

Experimenter assigns participants to conditions

20
Q

Arbitrary assignment

A

Participant selection based on seemingly non-relevant criteria.

Potential for bias & confounding variables.

21
Q

Random assignment

A

No criteria for selection
Every member equal chance of being assigned to any group
Ensures groups are equal
Eliminates systematic differences between groups
Randomly distributes extraneous variables over groups

22
Q

Matching assignment

A

matches participants to treatment groups on specific variables

23
Q

Individual/Precision Matching assignment

A

pair participants who have identical scores on matching variables

24
Q

Practice effect

A

An order effect problem where participants becomes better at task due to prior exposure.

Overcome by counterbalancing.

25
Q

Fatigue effect

A

An order effect problem where participants may become worse as task due to prior exposure.

Overcome by counterbalancing.

26
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Used to overcome order effects when using a repeated measures design.

Participant sample is divided in half. One half completes two conditions in order and the other half completing the conditions in reverse order.

27
Q

Intra-subject counterbalancing

A

All participant to all conditions multiple times and in different orders.

28
Q

Simple Carry Over Effect

A

when performance on the DV in one condition is contaminated by the effects of the previous condition

29
Q

Differential carryover effects

A

where carryover effects of one condition of the IV differ depending on the order in which the conditions are completed

30
Q

Maturation (internal development)

A

A repeated measure design issue.

Changes due to natural development and expected improvement over time.

31
Q

History (external events)

A

A repeated measure design issue.

External events which affect the participants during the study.

32
Q

Statistical regression

A

An issue with repeated measure designs.
Refers to the tendency to move up or down towards the mean over time.
E.g. someone scoring below or above par on a measure - potentially likely to move towards the mean of that variables over repeated measurements

33
Q

Mortality

A

An issue with repeated measure designs.

Refers to participants leaving the study before it has run for its intended duration.

34
Q

Measurement issues & how to control for them

A

Refers to problems with equipment or errors in manual recording of data.

Controlled by training researchers, multiple data recorders, or observed participant data entry.

35
Q

Attribute effect and how to control for it

A

Refers to participants responding differently to different experimenters.
Controlled by using the same experimenters in all treatment conditions or standardising how experimenter interacts (e.g. script).

36
Q

Rosenthal effect vs Golem effect

A

Rosenthal effect: participants expected to respond MOST favourably to study are treated differently

Golem effect: participants expected to respond LEAST favourably to study are treated differently

Controlled for by: double blind, partial blind, or automation

37
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Refers to how participants knowledge of the aims of study will cause them to perform in ways that conform to the study’s expectations.

Controlled for with: single-blind, double-blind, & deception

38
Q

Social desirability

A

Refers to participant performing in ways that paint them in the best possible light, or the experimenter will find most pleasing.

controlled by: single-blind, double-blind, & deception

39
Q

Hawthorn effect

A

Refers to participant performing better for the attention received for being in a study and not as a function of the nature of the manipulations of the IV.

Controlled by: single-blind, double-blind, & deception

40
Q

single-blind

A

participant is not made aware of true purpose of study

41
Q

double-blind

A

neither experimenter and participant aware of treatment condition

42
Q

Deception

A

omission of or altering the truth of information given to the participant during a research study

43
Q

Situational effects

A

refers to environmental effects on study e.g time of day, weather conditions

PYB210: Research Design & Data Analysis (6 decks)

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