Week 3 : Emerging, re-emerging and neglected zoonoses

Question 1

What is emerging zoonoses?

Answer 1

It is a new infection resulting from the evolution or change of an existing pathogen or parasite resulting in a change of host range, vector, pathogenicity or strain, or the occurrence of a previously unrecognized infection or disease.
It also can be a known infection spreading to a new geographic area or population. It also has a significant impact on animals and humans.

Question 2

What is re-emerging zoonoses?

Answer 2

It is an already known disease that either shifts its geographical setting or expands its host range, or significantly increases its prevalence.
It can also be a once major health problems globally or in a particular country , and the declined dramatically, but are again becoming health problems for significant proportion of the population.

Question 3

What is neglected zoonoses?

Answer 3

Neglected zoonoses is not forgotten but it does not receives much attention. It can be emerging or re emerging zoonoses. Neglected zoonoses commonly occur in impoverish population here there’s lack of sanitation, poverty, urban slums, conflict zone especially in developing countries.

Question 4

The 4 Levels of Disease emergence

Answer 4

Lvl 1 - Exposure
Lvl 2 - Infection
Lvl 3 - Transmission
Lvl 4 - Epidemic Spread

Question 5

Examples of emerging zoonoses?

Answer 5

SARS
Swine Flu H1N1
Avian Influenza H5N1
Nipah virus
Ebola
Zika 
Covid 19

Question 6

Factors of emergence/ re-emergence of zoonoses

Answer 6

Ecological changes
Global warming
Breakdown in Public Health measures
Human demographic and behavior
International travel and commerce
Microbial adaptation and change
Technology and Industry

Question 7

Examples of multi-resistant pathogens

Answer 7

Streptococcus pneumoniae - Penicillin
Staphylococcus aureus - Methicillin
Klebsiella pneumonia - Carbepenem

Question 8

Challenges in handling disease?

Answer 8

1. Microbial genetic variations
2. AMR
3. Lack of Surveillance
4. Proper laboratory tests
5. Lackc acess to medical facilities

Question 9

Possible future emergence of disease ?

Answer 9

RNA virus
Non human animal reservoir
Broad host range
Potential for transmission between humans

Question 10

DVS effort in control of disease?

Answer 10

1. Import control
2. Quarantine
3. Control movement
4. Vaccination
5. Public Awareness
6. Stray dog management
7. Early warning
8. Surveillance
9. Zoning

Question 11

When there’s an outbreak , what to do?

Answer 11

1. Infected area
2. Control area
3. Eradication zone