Week 3: EHR I, Data Sovereignty Flashcards
What are analytics?
extensive use of data, statistical and quantitative analysis, explanatory and predictive models, and fact-based management to drive decisions and actions
- used by all levels of government, industry, academics, clinics, pharmacy, etc.
How are data analytics used in clinical practice? (3)
used for many common and relied upon tasks
- sample size calculations
- statistical, qualitative, or other data analyses
- meta-analyses
How is data analytics used in business practice? (3)
equivalent to ‘evidence-based’ nature of clinical practice
- sales trends, ‘fast movers’
- patient population analyses
- predicting patient demand
What is descriptive analytics?
standard types of reporting – describes a current or past situation
- ie. the basis of ‘usual’ care
What is predictive analytics?
using descriptive data, it can simulate and model trends from the past and helps predict what might happen
- ie. ‘preventative’ care
What is prescriptive analytics?
most sophisticated, uses descriptive and predictive data to help determine what to do given a situation to optimize outcomes – goal of data analytics in healthcare
- ie. personalized medicine
What is personalized medicine?
modeling with prescriptive value in the care of a patient
What is data mining?
collecting and modeling data to discover previously unknown patterns or relationships
What is health information exchange?
sharing patient data across multiple systems
What are the challenges in creating a system that can effectively mine data? (5)
- incomplete data
- time-stamped data does not mean the patient experienced it at that time
- ethical concerns of data ownership
- transforming the data to suit other purposes such as billing
- what about differences in language
What is the role that EHRs play in healthcare data analytics?
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What is an electronic health record (EHR)?
electronic record of health-related information on an individual created/managed by healthcare clinicians and staff across more than one healthcare organization
- ie. Cerner or Meditech
What is an electronic medical record (EMR)?
same as EHR but specific to only one healthcare organization
- ie. records from one physician office
What is a personal health record (PHR)?
electronic record of health-related information on an individual, drawing from multiple sources, and created/managed by the individual – offering secure, online, convenient access to health records by patients
- ie. www.carebook.com, Health Gateway (BC), myehealth, etc.
What are the 8 key components of an EHR?
- health information and data that can be accurately recorded
- manage results from labs, imaging, specialist consults, others
- manage ordering new prescriptions, referrals, blood work requisitions
- provide decision support with alerts and reminders
- communication feature through messaging or connections with web portals (ie. PHR)
- patient support via education and information output to PHRs
- admin functions including scheduling, billing, automated features, reporting of metrics
- manage reporting for Public Health including immunization status, culture and sensitivity reports
What are the advantages of using an EHR over paper-based record keeping? (8)
- improve legibility of notes
- can improve access anytime, anywhere
- eliminates ‘missing’ files
- reduced duplication with automation
- reminders for overdue tests or visits
- clinical decision support tools embedded in the program
- electronic lists of diagnoses, allergies, medications, etc.
- enables data analytics
What is a disadvantage to using an EHR over paper-based record keeping?
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What is Indigenous Knowledge Organization (IKO)?
processes and systems for organizing and representing Indigenous library and archival materials in all formats traditional and electronic
- includes considerations of Indigenous cataloguing standards and metadata, broadly defined
What are the 3 reasons why Indigenous Knowledges do not fall under copyright protection?
issues in the protection of Indigenous Knowledges arise due to expressions of Traditional Knowledge not qualifying for protection because:
- they are too old – and therefore are supposedly in the Public Domain
- author of the material is not identifiable – therefore there is no ‘rights holder’
- Traditional Knowledges are owned ‘collectively’ by Indigenous communities for cultural claims and not by individuals or corporations for economic claims
What are Traditional Knowledges (TK)?
knowledges, know-how, skills and practices that are developed, sustained, and passed on from generation to generation within a community, often forming part of its cultural or spiritual identity
- no universally accepted definition of TK
Transmissions of knowledge can be informed by Indigenous legal traditions and protocols that vary from community to community. What factors inform this? (6)
- familial relationships such as kin and clan systems
- gender-specific
- age-specific
- geographically influenced
- seasonal
- informed by specific techniques and modes of production
(for Indigenous peoples, knowledge is traditionally not freely given – it is earned)
What is data sovereignty?
means in which managing information is consistent with laws, practices, and customs of the nation-state in which it is located
What is Indigenous Data Sovereignty?
centres Indigenous peoples collective rights to data about people, territories, lifeways, cultural heritage, and natural resources, and is supported by Indigenous peoples’ inherent rights of self-determination and governance
What are the 3 principles of Indigenous data sovereignty?
- Indigenous nations have the right to ownership and governance over data about them, regardless of where it is held and by whom
- Indigenous nations have the right to govern data in a way that aligns with their own data protocols/laws
- Indigenous peoples have the right to access data that supports nation re-building – often includes access to government documents, both historic and contemporary and archival documents
What is free consent?
consent is free, given voluntarily and without coercion, intimidation, or manipulation
- process that is self-directed by the community from whom consent is being sought, unencumbered by coercion, expectations, or timelines that are externally exposed
What is prior consent?
consent is sought sufficiently in advance of any authorization or commencement of activities
What is informed consent?
engagement and type of information that should be provided prior to seeking consent and also as part of the ongoing consent process
What are the different types of data from Indigenous communities? (6)
- traditional and cultural data
- archival
- oral traditions
- reordered oral traditions
- ancestral knowledge
- community stories
What are the different types of data on Indigenous resources/environments? (4)
- land history
- geological information
- titles
- water information
What are the types of data about Indigenous demographics or social data? (5)
- legal
- health
- education
- service use
- includes community produced data
