Week 3 Day 1 O Chem Flashcards
Which kind of bond does an alkane contain?
carbon - carbon single bonds
carbon - hydrogen bonds
Hexane
C6H14
6 carbons
Naming a carboxylic acid
add the suffix “oic acid” to the parent name
Many anesthetic gases are ___________ ethers.
halogenated
Ethyl group
C2H5
*not stable, missing a bond*
Removing a hydrogen from an alkane leaves an…
Alkyl
In place of the missing H, alkyls will bond to something else
Name by replacing “ane” with “yl”
Two anesthestics used a long time ago
diethyl ether
methyl propyl ether
Butane
C4H10
4 carbons
CH3
Methyl group
*not stable, missing a bond*
Describe the difference between ammonia and ammonium regarding the basicity of nitrogen.
N has 5 valence electrons and wants 3 more to complete its valence shell.
However, in ammonia and very many amines, N can form 4 covalent bonds and it acquires a “+” charge
This can be pH dependent, the higher the pH (basic, less H+ floating around, the more ammonia, NH3.)
The lower the pH (acidic, more H+ floating around, the more ammonium, NH4+)
Propene
C3H6
Functional group derived from ammonia, NH3
Amine
A molecule is chiral if…
there is a “right handed” form of the molecule that is different from the “left handed” form.
the rotated molecule cannot be superimposed on its mirror image
Alkynes
contain at least 1 carbon-carbon triple bond
as well as carbon-hydrogen bonds
Named by adding “yne”
Pentane
C5H12
5 carbons
Classify purine
nitrogenous heteroaromatic
forms the basis of A, and G (adenine, and guanine)
The right handed and left handed forms of a molecule can be referred to as ________.
Enantiomers
The simplest alkyne
C2H2
ethyne, acetylene
Methane
CH4
1 carbon
natural gas
If you replace 1 H from H20 with an alkyl, you have an…
alcohol (functional group based on water)
To name, name the larger back bone, identify the location of the OH (hydroxyl) and add “ol”.
IUPAC nomenclature rules
- name the longest alkane - this is the parent chain
- name all substituent alkyl groups in alphabetical order
- use multipliers to indicate number of identical substituents
- number the parent chain from the end, giving the lowest possible numbers for substituents
- number the substituents. Numbers are separated from numbers with “,”, and from letters with “-“.
How does an isopropyl group differ from a propyl group?
The isopropyl group is an isomer of the propyl group
A propyl group connects to another group of atoms at the first carbon in the 3 carbon chain
An isopropyl group is attached to another atom at the center of the propyl group
Naming a ketone
named with suffix “-one”
i.e. propanone (acetone)
What is a carbonyl carbon?
A carbon double bonded to an oxygen
Common name for 1, 2-ethanediol
ethylene glycol
Isopropyl group
C3H7
Functional group based on water, replace both H’s of H20 with alkyls. What do we have?
Ethers
Contains an –O– bridge between organic compounds
C8H18
Octane
Gasoline
Classify pyrimidine
nitrogenous heteroaromatic
forms the basis of the nucleobases C, U, and T
(cytosine, uracil, and thymine)
“Cut the Py”
“CU T Py”
cis
same side
Similar to esters except that the O has been repalced with an N, formed by reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine.
Amides
Propane
C3H8
Describe an ester.
Similar to carboxylic acids except that the H of the Hydroxyl has been replaced with an organic group
name by adding suffix “oate” to the the parent name
Alkenes can combine with other alkenes to form larger __________.
Alkanes (basis for many polymers)
i.e. formation of polyethylene (HDPE #2 LDPE #4) from ethylene
polypropylene (PP#5) from propylene
polystyrene (PS #6) from styrene
polyvinylchloride (PVC #3) from chloroethene
**longer chains are more stable**
Rules for naming ethers.
When alkyls are linked by an –O– bridge:
- the smaller alkyl goes first, followed by “-oxy-“ then the larger alkyl group
OR
- The two substituents are named, followed by “ether.”
trans
across
Two names for C2H2
ethyne or acetylene
T or F: Cycloalkanes contain only single bonds.
True
Alkanes that form rings are called?
Cycloalkanes
Name by prefixing “cyclo-“ to the alkane name
**they contain only single bonds**
How do ketones differ from aldehydes?
Ketones do NOT have a hydrogen bound to the carbonyl carbon.
C9H20
Nonane
Naming an aldehyde
suffix “-al”
i.e. methanal (formaldehyde)
Describe a carboxylic acid
Carbonyl group with a hydroxl group bonded to the carbonyl carbon
This type of compound contains a benzene ring.
Aromatics
common in nature, often have strong odors and tastes
i.e. cinnamon, cloves, thyme, vanilla, tarragon
shape of tetrahedral carbon molecule
tripod with 4th piece sticking upwards.
109.5° angles between
Geometry of carbon-carbon double bond
cannot rotate (would have to break and make new convalent bonds in order to change conformation)
forms a planar molecule with 120° angles between X and Y
Boiling point _________ with increasing molecular weight.
Increases;
Larger alkanes are less volatile than smaller ones
i.e. methane (CH4) is a gas, octane (C8H18) is liquid at STP
A benzene ring has ___ carbons and ___ alternating double bonds.
6 carbons; 3 alternating double bonds
T or F: A molecule is a stereoisomer if it cannot be superimposed on its mirror image.
True
C4H8
Butene
Where are the halogens on the periodic table and which elements are they?
Group 7A
F, Cl, Br, and I
What are nitrogenous heteroaromatics?
Non-benzenoid rings that contain nitrogen.
(Hetero means other; these compunds have one or more atoms other than carbon in the ring. Nitrogenenous means that the other atom is a nitrogen atom.)
Heptane
C7H16
7 carbons
Aromatic alcohols are called…
phenols
a benzene ring with one OH molecule attached
Geometry of carbon carbon single bond
conformations around single bonds will rotate so that pieces are as far apart as possible for lowest energy state, aka steric hindrance
C2H4
Ethene
In order for a carbon to be a chiral carbon, it must be bonded to how many different groups?
4
The simplest amino acid
Glycine
aminoethanoic acid
What is an alkene?
contains at least 1 carbon-carbon double bond,
as well as carbon hydrogen bonds
C3H7
Propyl or Isopropyl (isomer of propyl group)
*not stable, missing a bond*
Ethane
C2H6
2 carbons
What is an aldehyde?
Contain a hydrogen bound to the carbonyl carbon (carbon double bonded to an oxygen)
Rules for naming an alkene.
Must specify where the double bond is, using lowest number possible
Must specify which side of the double bond the larger substituents are on, using “cis” and “trans”
