Week 1 Day 2 - Chemistry

Question 1

Understanding valence electrons

Answer 1

noble gases (column 8A) have a filled electron shell
this makes them very stable

explains strong energetic tendency of atoms to react in a way so as to acquire as many electrons as a noble gas

elements that have the highest electron shell nearly filled to capacity tend to accept additional electrons (forming negatively charged anions)

elements with nearly vacant electron shells tend to surrender the electrons from partially filled shells (forming positively charged cations)

easier to gain or lose 1 electron, but much more difficult to gain or lose 2 or more—>covalent bonding

Question 2

H2PO4-

Answer 2

dihydrogenphosphate ion

Question 3

Fe2(SO4)3

Answer 3

iron(III) sulfate

Question 4

molar solution

Answer 4

contains 1 mole of a substance in a 1 liter solution

Question 5

Proton

Answer 5

positively charged

of protons = atomic number = determines identify of atom

mass - 1 amu

(cannot change # of protons or you change the element entirely)

Question 6

physical properties

Answer 6

intrinsic (independent of amount of material)
i.e. color, density

extrinsic
i.e. mass, volume

physical change - changes state of substance, but chemical makeup remains the same

i.e. water to ice

Question 7

covalent bonds

Answer 7

strong bonds between non metals

electrons are shared

strongest bond in water

Question 8

phosphide ion

Answer 8

P^3-

Question 9

N2O

Answer 9

dinitrogen monoxide

nitrous oxide

Question 10

H3O+

Answer 10

Hydronium ion

Question 11

Neutron

Answer 11

electrically neutral

mass - 1 amu

varying # of neutrons in an element result in an isotope of the element

Question 12

chemical properties

Answer 12

i.e. reactivity, flammability

chemical change - changing the chemical makeup

Question 13

atomic mass or mass number

Answer 13

protons + #neutrons

Question 14

Bulk elements

Answer 14

hydrogen (H)
carbon (C)
nitrogen (N)
oxygen (O)
sodium (Na)
phosphorus (P)
sulfur (S)
chloride (Cl)
potassium (K)
calcium (Ca)

Question 15

Atom

Answer 15

fundamental building blocks of matter

comprised of 3 simpler particles:
protons
neutrons
electrons

Question 16

FeSO4

Answer 16

iron(II) sulfate

Question 17

Properties of non metals

Answer 17

right side of the periodic table

tend to form anions

anionic charge = 8 - group#

can be solids, liquids, gases
tend to be brittle
nonconductors of electricity and heat

Question 18

hydrates

Answer 18

ionic compound with a fixed number of water molecules

Question 19

hydrophobic ineractions

Answer 19

H20 repulsion of non-polar atoms

i.e. C-C C-H

Question 20

What type of bond is notably weaker in water?

Answer 20

ionic bonds

Question 21

Properties of metals

Answer 21

left side of periodic table

tend to form cations

cationic charge = group #

good conductors of heat+electricity
malleable and ductile

Question 22

ionic compounds

Answer 22

contain 2 or more types of atoms

contain positively charged ions and negatively charged ions

all positively charged ions are attracted to all of the negatively charged ions (vice versa)

ionic compounds are NOT molecules

generally contain 1 metal and 1 nonmetal

Question 23

hydrogen bonds

Answer 23

weaker than ionic and covalent bonds

attractions between partial positive charges on hydrogens and partial negative charges on oxygens, or nitrogen

partial charges because electrons are shared unevenly

Question 24

sulfide ion

Answer 24

S^2-

Question 25

groups of periodic table

Answer 25

vertical columns

members of the same group have similar chemical and physical properties

Question 26

molar mass

Answer 26

equal to atomic mass of an element

for molecules, equal to the sum of the masses of the component atoms

MM of Na=23 g/mol
MM of Cl =35.5 g/mol

Question 27

1 mole

Answer 27

6.022x10^23 molecules

Question 28

Electron

Answer 28

negatively charged

much smaller mass than protons/neutrons

Question 29

anion

Answer 29

negatively charged ion

formed by gain of electrons

Question 30

OH-

Answer 30

hydroxide ion

Question 31

periods of periodic table

Answer 31

horizontal rows

each successive element has 1 more proton and 1 more electron

Question 32

HSO4-

Answer 32

bisulfate

Question 33

elements

Answer 33

determined by # of protons

comprised of only one kind of atom

Question 34

K2S04

Answer 34

potassium sulfate

Question 35

SO4^2-

Answer 35

sulfate ion

Question 36

C2H302-

Answer 36

acetate ion

Question 37

isotope

Answer 37

same element, same atomic number (# of protons), but different # of neutrons—>different mass numbers

Question 38

CN-

Answer 38

cyanide ion

Question 39

NO

Answer 39

nitrogen monoxide

nitric oxide

Question 40

Ammonium ion

Answer 40

NH4+

Question 41

HCO3-

Answer 41

bicarbonate ion

Question 42

Trace elements

Answer 42

magnesium (Mg)
vanadium (V)
chromium (Cr)
manganese (Mn)
iron (Fe)
cobalt (Co)
nickel (Ni)
copper (Cu)
zinc (Zn)
selenium (Se)
iodine (I)
molybdenum (Mo)

Question 43

cation

Answer 43

positively charged ion

formed by loss of electrons

Question 44

Properties of transition metals

Answer 44

middle of the periodic table

frequently form more than 1 cation

Question 45

group # of periodic table

Answer 45

represent number of valence electrons (in outer shell) available for chemical reaction/bonding

Question 46

molecules/molecular compunds

Answer 46

groups of atoms chemically bonded together by covalent bonds

• can be one atom or more
  i. e. 02

electrically neutral

contains only nonmetals

Question 47

atomic number

Answer 47

of protons

Question 48

NaHCO3

Answer 48

sodium bicarbonate