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Semester 2 - Mechanisms of Disease > Week 3 - Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Week 3 - Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the 4 signs of acute inflammation is present in chronic inflammatio?

A

Tumor and dolor

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2
Q

How does chronic inflammation arise? (3)

A
  • May take over from acute inflammation if the injurious agent is not removed
  • Arises “de novo”
  • Develops alongside acute inflammation
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3
Q

When might chronic inflammation arise “de novo”?

A

Some autoimmune conditions
Some chronic infections
Prolonged exposure to toxic agent, e.g. silicon breast implants

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4
Q

What types of cell are seen in chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Macrophage
  2. Lymphocytes (T and B)
  3. Eosinophils
  4. Giant cells
  5. Fibroblasts/myofibroblasts
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5
Q

Which is the major cell type seen in chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages

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6
Q

What are the functions of macrophages?

A 
Phagocytosis
Secrete cytokines/complement components
Present antigens
Stimulate angiogenesis
Induce fibrosis/fever/acute phase reaction
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7
Q

Are the presence of T+B lymphocytes in the tissues always a sign of infection?

A

No - always present

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8
Q

How do B lymphocytes appear histologically?

A

Abundant ER and Golgi, for protein synthesis

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9
Q

What is the function of B lymphocytes?

A

Differentiate into plasma cells - secrete antibodies

Produce cytokines

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10
Q

What is the function of T lymphocytes?

A

T-helper cells release cytokines + express CD4 receptors

T killer cells kill abnormal/infected cells

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of giant cell?

A

Touton
Foreign body giant cell
Langhan’s

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12
Q

What is a giant cell, and when are they seen?

A

A large, multi-nucleated cell formed from the fusion of many macrophages.
Seen in granulomatous infection

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13
Q

Describe the characteristic appearance of a Langhan’s giant cell

A

Nuclei around the periphery in a horseshoe shape

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14
Q

How are the nuclei arranged in a foreign body giant cell?

A

Randomly

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15
Q

What type of foreign body are typical of a TB infection?

A

Langhan’s

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16
Q

Is a foreign body always inside a foreign body giant cell?

Explain

A

No

May be attached to the outside if it is hard to digest

17
Q

How are the nuclei arranged in a Touton giant cell?

A

Arranged in a ring towards the centre

18
Q

Where do Touton giant cells occur? Which other cell type do they form lesions with?

A

Where there is high lipid content.

Foam cells.

19
Q

What are the 2 major unwanted effects of chronic inflammation?

A

Fibrosis and impaired function

Involvement of inappropriate immune response

20
Q

What is fibrosis, and when does it occur?

A

Excess fibrous tissue

Occurs when fibroblasts are stimulated to by cytokines to produce excess collagen

21
Q

What are the benefits of collagen in chronic inflammation?

A

Walls off infected areas

Replaces damaged tissue with a fibrous scar

22
Q

When can collagen be a problem in chronic inflammation?

A

When it replaces parenchymal tissue - impairs organ function

23
Q

Give two example of when inflammation occurs as an effector of an inappropriate immune response?

A

Allergies - attacks innocuous targets

Autoimmune - attacks own cells

24
Q

Define granulomatous inflammation

A

Inflammation in which granulomas are seen

25
Q

Why may a granuloma occur?

A

When particles are present which are poorly soluble or difficult to eliminate - granuloma forms around the particle.

26
Q

What cells are present in the centre of a granuloma?

A

Mononuclear cells

27
Q

What are the two types of granuloma?

A

Foreign body granuloma

Hypersensitivity/immune type granulomas

28
Q

Where might a foreign body granuloma occur?

A

Around non-antigenic material, e.g. surgical thread

29
Q

Which cells are present in a foreign body granuloma?

A

Macrophages - always in chronic inflamm.
Foreign body giant cells - it’s in the name!
Epitheloid cells - always in granulomas
Fibroblasts - always in chronic inflam.

30
Q

Which sorts of cell occur in very small number (if at all) in foreign body granulomas?

A

Lymphocytes

31
Q

List the cell types found in immune type granulomas

A 
Macrophages
Giant cells
Epitheloid cells
Fibroblasts (not as many as foreign body granulomas)
Lymphocytes - unlike FBGs
32
Q

What occurs in the centre of immune type granulomas?

A

Caseous necrosis

33
Q

Where do immune type granulomas form?

A

Around insoluble antigenic material

34
Q

Why might granulomas be harmful?

A

Occupy parenchymal space

35
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

The chronic response to injury, with associated fibrosis

Semester 2 - Mechanisms of Disease (5 decks)

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