WEEK 3 (Chapter 4) Flashcards
Socioeconomic status (SES) or Socioeconomic position (SEP)
individual or family’s standing based on social, economic, and educational characteristics
3 key components of SES
• Economic status, occupational status + educational status – each one influences the other
Acronym used for the SDH?
• PROGRESS = place of residence, ethnicity, occupation, gender, religion, education, social capital, socioeconomic position (Plus: age, disability, sexual orientation, other vulnerable groups)
Differences in health status between population groups =
health disparities
2 most common ways of measuring economic status of household
• income + wealth
Income vs wealth
- Income = amount of take home pay
* Wealth = accum worth of household’s resources (incl consumer goods)
How does income and chlid mortality relate?
Children of lower income households have less chance of survival
Employement of at least ___ wage earner is usually critical for keeping a household out of poverty
• Employement of at least one wage earner is usually critical for keeping a household out of poverty – employment may also provide benefits, edu for children, etc
What kind of relationship does manual work have with health outcomes?
• Manual labourers have higher mortality rates than profressionals (both job related injuries and heart disease, stroke, lung disease, GI disease + CA)
What are unemployed adults at greater risk for?
• Unemployed working-age adults have higher suicide rates + and all-cause mortality rates than employed
Define literacy
(functional literacy) the ability to understand written words enough to complete normal daily tasks
Why is education for women important? (sorry for the useless question)
• Level of education in women important in health outcomes for whole family
T/F Women have lower literacy levels than men
How does attendance of primary + secondary school differ between the sexes?
T - Literacy levels worse in women than in men. Girls less likely to attend prim + sec school
What are the 3 most common macroeconomic indicators?
GDP (Gross Domestic Product), GNI (Gross National Income) + GNP (Gross National Product)
What are macroeconomic indicators?
measure economic activity in the country
GDP?
• = total amount of goods and services produced in Canada by both Canadian corporations + foreign corporations. Incl consumer spending, investment, gov’t spending, and exports
What is GNI?
similar to GDP but puts the focus on the total income from selling of godos + services produced in the country
GNP =
• total amount of goods + services produced by Canadian companies in Canada and by Canadian corporations working in other countries
What is purchasing power partity? How is it used?
When using GDP etc can put values of goods in terms purchasing power parity (PPP) = measures how many goods, services and other products can be purchased in each country with a fied amount of money (ex: $1000USD) – popular example is “Big Mac Index” (relative price of MacDonald’s burger in each place)
How else can GDP, GNP and GNI be expressed?
can be expressed in per capita value
Which of the macroeconomic indicators can be used to show the “average” income of all people in the country?
GNI per capita is ~equal to ave income of person in that country…can be very misleading if wealth held by small pop, etc
Are there limitations to the macroeconomic indicators listed?
• Lots of limitations of these measures: don’t account for unpaid work (caring for children, growing food to feed family), ignore issues of sustainability, enviro damage, distribution of wealth + quality of life
What is the Gini index?
How do you interpret scores on it?
Which areas of the world generally fit where on this index?
• = measure of inequality in the distrib of incomes
o Index of 0 is perfect equality
o 100 is perfect inequality (country in which one person has all the income)
o Generally, Europe has most equality. Africa and Americas have greatest disparities.
What is the Human Development INdex?
Developed by what organization?
= an estimate of national development based on composite data on longevity, knowledge (school enrolment + adult literacy), and income (GDP per capita in PPP dollars) developed by World Bank.
More NCD’s are being seen in lower income countries. Does this mean they aren’t experiencing a high burden of infectious diseases as well’/
• Lower income countries continue to experience high infectious disease burden while simultaneously having grouping burden of NCD’s
Ethnicity vs Race
E = base on many dimensions of cultural heritage, tribal affiliation, nationality, race, religion, and language
• Race = superficial categories that group individuals based primarily on physical attributes like skin colour
T/F One race is usually very similar in terms of genetics + cultre
FALSE! sig cultural + genetic diversity are included in one “race”
How are race and ethnicity r/t health outcomes?
• Ethnic + racial background do have links to certain genetic predispositions to some diseases + may have health behaviors that result in similar outcomes (alcohol + tobacco use, physical activity, etc)
o Also linked to socioeconomic position (marginalized vs privileged) health disparities. Many minority groups have more barriers to access to care.
T/F All immigrants have better access in their new country than they did at
home?
How does being an immigrant affect health?
False
• Many immigrants experience less access to healthcare in their new communities but some have better access, so can’t generalize with this population
o Many experience threats to health and wellbeing during journey to new place (particularly smuggled migrants, victims of trafficking, asylum seekers, refugees)
o Face poverty, language barriers + risky jobs
How many people are incarcerated each day? How many in the USA?
Over 10 million people incarcerated each day – 2 million in USA alone
T/F Prisoners are not entitled to fundamental human rights
F -
o Prisoners need to have all fundamental human rights respected – need protection from medical neglect, starvation, abuse, etc
Why is the spread of disease so rampant in prison populations?
Which disease in particular ?
o Spread of disease in prisons d/t pre-existing issues (malnutrition, mental illness etc), poor ventilation, poor nutrition, unhygienic conditions, lack of access to care, abuse + violence
o TB is major threat in prisons (particularly in Soviet Union + other parts w high TB rates). Can be 100x as high as in general population. Eventually spreads to gen population as people are released…often with MDR-TB
What is the difference between illness and sickness w regard to culture?
• Culture infleunces both Illness (feeling unhealthy) + Sickness (how a person with poor physical or mental health relates to and is regarded by the community)
Mechanistic perspective of health
• sees disease as dysfunction or breakdown of the human body, which is supposed to fx like a well-oiled machine
Moralistic perspective of health?
• considers health to be result of clean living and disease to be type of punishment for wrongdoing
Supernatural viewpoint of health?
• blames illness on demonic possession, evil eye, or anger of God
Disequilibrium approach to health
• considers disease to be caused by imbalance with in the body, such as between hot + cold, yin and yang, or the 4 humors of blood, phlegm, yellow bile + black bile
In addition to the aforementioned approaches to health and disease, what else do difference approaches attribute to disease?
• Disease also attributed to energy or qi imbalance, to emotions (fright, jelousy), stress, weather, food, germs, sex, genes, or age
What kind of doctors/healers would be sought for the following cultural health beliefs:
1) Mechanistic
2) Disequilibrium
mechanistic likely seeks allopathic Dr
disequilibrium seeks acupuncturist, chiropractor or massage therapist
T/F More people are using a combination of tradition medicine and Western medicine?
T
Also, the Line between TM and CAM are blurring – inc use of TM in allopathic practice
Complementary/alternative medicine (CAM)
• refers to use of healthcare practices outside of person’s own tradition or that are not part of conventional medical practice
