WEEK 3 (Chapter 4)

Question 1

Socioeconomic status (SES) or Socioeconomic position (SEP)

Answer 1

individual or family’s standing based on social, economic, and educational characteristics

Question 2

3 key components of SES

Answer 2

• Economic status, occupational status + educational status – each one influences the other

Question 3

Acronym used for the SDH?

Answer 3

• PROGRESS = place of residence, ethnicity, occupation, gender, religion, education, social capital, socioeconomic position (Plus: age, disability, sexual orientation, other vulnerable groups)

Question 4

Differences in health status between population groups =

Answer 4

health disparities

Question 5

2 most common ways of measuring economic status of household

Answer 5

• income + wealth

Question 6

Income vs wealth

Answer 6

• Income = amount of take home pay

* Wealth = accum worth of household’s resources (incl consumer goods)

Question 7

How does income and chlid mortality relate?

Answer 7

Children of lower income households have less chance of survival

Question 8

Employement of at least ___ wage earner is usually critical for keeping a household out of poverty

Answer 8

• Employement of at least one wage earner is usually critical for keeping a household out of poverty – employment may also provide benefits, edu for children, etc

Question 9

What kind of relationship does manual work have with health outcomes?

Answer 9

• Manual labourers have higher mortality rates than profressionals (both job related injuries and heart disease, stroke, lung disease, GI disease + CA)

Question 10

What are unemployed adults at greater risk for?

Answer 10

• Unemployed working-age adults have higher suicide rates + and all-cause mortality rates than employed

Question 11

Define literacy

Answer 11

(functional literacy) the ability to understand written words enough to complete normal daily tasks

Question 12

Why is education for women important? (sorry for the useless question)

Answer 12

• Level of education in women important in health outcomes for whole family

Question 13

T/F Women have lower literacy levels than men

How does attendance of primary + secondary school differ between the sexes?

Answer 13

T - Literacy levels worse in women than in men. Girls less likely to attend prim + sec school

Question 14

What are the 3 most common macroeconomic indicators?

Answer 14

GDP (Gross Domestic Product), GNI (Gross National Income) + GNP (Gross National Product)

Question 15

What are macroeconomic indicators?

Answer 15

measure economic activity in the country

Question 16

GDP?

Answer 16

• = total amount of goods and services produced in Canada by both Canadian corporations + foreign corporations. Incl consumer spending, investment, gov’t spending, and exports

Question 17

What is GNI?

Answer 17

similar to GDP but puts the focus on the total income from selling of godos + services produced in the country

Question 18

GNP =

Answer 18

• total amount of goods + services produced by Canadian companies in Canada and by Canadian corporations working in other countries

Question 19

What is purchasing power partity? How is it used?

Answer 19

When using GDP etc can put values of goods in terms purchasing power parity (PPP) = measures how many goods, services and other products can be purchased in each country with a fied amount of money (ex: $1000USD) – popular example is “Big Mac Index” (relative price of MacDonald’s burger in each place)

Question 20

How else can GDP, GNP and GNI be expressed?

Answer 20

can be expressed in per capita value

Question 21

Which of the macroeconomic indicators can be used to show the “average” income of all people in the country?

Answer 21

GNI per capita is ~equal to ave income of person in that country…can be very misleading if wealth held by small pop, etc

Question 22

Are there limitations to the macroeconomic indicators listed?

Answer 22

• Lots of limitations of these measures: don’t account for unpaid work (caring for children, growing food to feed family), ignore issues of sustainability, enviro damage, distribution of wealth + quality of life

Question 23

What is the Gini index?
How do you interpret scores on it?
Which areas of the world generally fit where on this index?

Answer 23

• = measure of inequality in the distrib of incomes
o Index of 0 is perfect equality
o 100 is perfect inequality (country in which one person has all the income)
o Generally, Europe has most equality. Africa and Americas have greatest disparities.

Question 24

What is the Human Development INdex?

Developed by what organization?

Answer 24

= an estimate of national development based on composite data on longevity, knowledge (school enrolment + adult literacy), and income (GDP per capita in PPP dollars) developed by World Bank.

Question 25

More NCD’s are being seen in lower income countries. Does this mean they aren’t experiencing a high burden of infectious diseases as well’/

Answer 25

• Lower income countries continue to experience high infectious disease burden while simultaneously having grouping burden of NCD’s

Question 26

Ethnicity vs Race

Answer 26

E = base on many dimensions of cultural heritage, tribal affiliation, nationality, race, religion, and language

• Race = superficial categories that group individuals based primarily on physical attributes like skin colour

Question 27

T/F One race is usually very similar in terms of genetics + cultre

Answer 27

FALSE! sig cultural + genetic diversity are included in one “race”

Question 28

How are race and ethnicity r/t health outcomes?

Answer 28

• Ethnic + racial background do have links to certain genetic predispositions to some diseases + may have health behaviors that result in similar outcomes (alcohol + tobacco use, physical activity, etc)
o Also linked to socioeconomic position (marginalized vs privileged) health disparities. Many minority groups have more barriers to access to care.

Question 29

T/F All immigrants have better access in their new country than they did at
home?

How does being an immigrant affect health?

Answer 29

False

• Many immigrants experience less access to healthcare in their new communities but some have better access, so can’t generalize with this population
o Many experience threats to health and wellbeing during journey to new place (particularly smuggled migrants, victims of trafficking, asylum seekers, refugees)
o Face poverty, language barriers + risky jobs

Question 30

How many people are incarcerated each day? How many in the USA?

Answer 30

Over 10 million people incarcerated each day – 2 million in USA alone

Question 31

T/F Prisoners are not entitled to fundamental human rights

Answer 31

F -
o Prisoners need to have all fundamental human rights respected – need protection from medical neglect, starvation, abuse, etc

Question 32

Why is the spread of disease so rampant in prison populations?
Which disease in particular ?

Answer 32

o Spread of disease in prisons d/t pre-existing issues (malnutrition, mental illness etc), poor ventilation, poor nutrition, unhygienic conditions, lack of access to care, abuse + violence
o TB is major threat in prisons (particularly in Soviet Union + other parts w high TB rates). Can be 100x as high as in general population. Eventually spreads to gen population as people are released…often with MDR-TB

Question 33

What is the difference between illness and sickness w regard to culture?

Answer 33

• Culture infleunces both Illness (feeling unhealthy) + Sickness (how a person with poor physical or mental health relates to and is regarded by the community)

Question 34

Mechanistic perspective of health

Answer 34

• sees disease as dysfunction or breakdown of the human body, which is supposed to fx like a well-oiled machine

Question 35

Moralistic perspective of health?

Answer 35

• considers health to be result of clean living and disease to be type of punishment for wrongdoing

Question 36

Supernatural viewpoint of health?

Answer 36

• blames illness on demonic possession, evil eye, or anger of God

Question 37

Disequilibrium approach to health

Answer 37

• considers disease to be caused by imbalance with in the body, such as between hot + cold, yin and yang, or the 4 humors of blood, phlegm, yellow bile + black bile

Question 38

In addition to the aforementioned approaches to health and disease, what else do difference approaches attribute to disease?

Answer 38

• Disease also attributed to energy or qi imbalance, to emotions (fright, jelousy), stress, weather, food, germs, sex, genes, or age

Question 39

What kind of doctors/healers would be sought for the following cultural health beliefs:

1) Mechanistic
2) Disequilibrium

Answer 39

mechanistic likely seeks allopathic Dr

disequilibrium seeks acupuncturist, chiropractor or massage therapist

Question 40

T/F More people are using a combination of tradition medicine and Western medicine?

Answer 40

T

Also, the Line between TM and CAM are blurring – inc use of TM in allopathic practice

Question 41

Complementary/alternative medicine (CAM)

Answer 41

• refers to use of healthcare practices outside of person’s own tradition or that are not part of conventional medical practice