Child Health Flashcards
In 2010, how many children died? Majority were where?
8 million children died (1/2 of these in sub-sah Africa & 1/3 in South Asia)
How many newborns in central Africa + in South Asia don’t survive? Compare w western world?
• 1 in 5 newborns in central Africa and 1 in 13 in South Asia do not survive to 5 (is 1 in 167 in N America + 1 in 270 in W Europe)
If children are going to die, by what age does this typically happen?
5
What fraction of child deaths occur as:
1) neonates
2) infants
3) 1-5yrs
• 1/3 die as neonates, 1/3 as infants (29 days – yr), 1/3 at 1-5yrs
Leading causes of under 5 death
• neonatal complications, diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, other infect, injuries + malnutrition
T/F Most children die of non-treatable, complex illness requiring expensive intervention.
F
Vast majority of pediatric deaths d/t treatable + preventable conditions (req low cost interventions)
• Malnutrition contributes to at least _______of child deaths
1/3
What areas of the world (in order) have the highest rates of child deaths?
in 2010, Sierra Leone > Kenya > India > China…. (Figure 5-1 p. 88)
- changes a bit based on year
Most deaths of newborns d/t
premature birth, complications during LDR that result in asphyxia or birth trauma (common when women don’t have access to HCP when giving birth) + infections
neonate deaths/year
Stillbirths?
3.5 milion
• 3 million stillbirths/yr
Where are neonatal death rates highest? (in order)
Rates 2010: Sierra Leone > India > Kenya > Brazil > China (see fig 5-4 p. 92)
Top 4 causes of under 5 deaths and % for each
1) Neonatal deaths (incl preterm brith complications, birth asphysia, sepsis) – 41%
2) Diarrheal disease – 14%
3) ARIs – 14%
4) Malaria – 8%
How does diarrhea cause death?
- Causes dehydration + lyte imbalance death
* Lyte imbalance can lead to kidney + HF
Diarrhea usually d/t?
- infection (like rotavirus) or bacteria (E Coli, Shingella, Campylobactor, Salmonella)
- Transmission via food + H2O, contact w people who have infect, contact with feces
T/F Rotavirus is vaccine preventable
T
• Lack of hygiene, sanitation (toilet or latrine) + access to safe drinking water account for _____of diarrheal deaths
90%
How many children die from diarrhea each year?
• >1 mil children die of diarrhea q year
2.5 million causes of diarrhea in U5 total
When child has diarrhea, most important method for preventing death is
• admin of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) (Is sugar, salt and clean H2O)
How do you make ORT?
How often does child with diarrhea need it?
o Can get low osmolarity formula packets in clinics
o Can make w 8tsp sugar + ½ tsp salt into 1L boiled water
o K+ can be added w fruit juice, coconut water or mashed banana
o Kid needs to drink some each time passes stool. Needs at least 1L/day. More if vomiting.
Other than ORT, what can also be taken to prevent diarrheal deaths?
Zinc supplements
What increases your chance of dying from diarrhea?
Malnutrition
Should eating stop when the child has diarrhea?
What to do w eating when diarrhea stops?
No - keep eating! If breastfeeding, keep at ‘er!
When diarrhea done, should enc to eat more than did before to make up lost weight/nutrients
Best treatment strategy for diarrhea?
Do most get this tx?
ORT w continued feeding is BEST approach to diarrhea!
<1/2 of those in developing countries get this care.
T/F Most areas of the world have enough education on ORT already
F - More education needed!!!
Key prevention measures for diarrhea:
rotavirus + measle immunization, early + exclusive breastfeeding of infants, followed by completementary feeding; vit A suppl; improved H2O; community-wide sanitation
Leading causes of death for children 29 days – 5 yrs:
1) Diarrheal disease – 24%
2) ARIs – 23%
3) Other infections – 21%
4) Malaria – 14%
Leading causes of neonatal mortality
1) Preterm birth complications – 29%
2) Birth asphyxia – 23%
3) Sepsis – 15%
4) Pneumonia – 11%
