Week 3 Ch 9, 13 &17 Flashcards
What are inferences?
When you use one example or case to make further conclusions. It is the moving of certain facts to conclusions, it is like generalizing something.
What do good generalizations include?
1) rests on specific and clear examples
2) rests on many examples
3) rests on representative examples (a good sample of examples with full backgrounds)
What makes a good comparison?
1) cites as a comparison a clear case about which true claims are made
2) cites as a comparison a relevantly similar case ( that is the cases that are compared must be as similar as possible in ways that matter to the conclusion)
A good argument from correlation to cause:
1) cites accurate correlations
2) explains how the (proposed) cause leads to the (proposed) effect
3) argues that the proposed cause-effect relationship is the best explanation of the correlation
What must you have to formulate a proper definition?
1) includes all the things that the term clearly fits
2) excludes all the things that the term clearly does not fit
3) draws the plainest possible line in between
4) explains why the line belongs there and not somewhere else
Creative Explorations include:
1) getting a fuller picture
2) watching for suggestive facts
3) getting help
4) comparing and contrasting
How to make the best brainstorming?
1) spark off of ideas
2) having wild ideas are okay
3) state ideas briefly
4) aim for quantity not quality
What is invite exotic associations?
“inviting” any type of information to a provocation
What is a reversal?
a reversal is when you take a saying or way of thinking and switch the outcomes
What does it mean to exaggerate?
to take a sentence and go “overboard” with a way of thinking
What is the intermediate impossible?
taking an unrealistic ideal outcome and working it backwards into a realistic outcome
How to become a change maker?
1) find your own way ( you must be the change you wish to see in the world)
2) keep at it
3) aim high
4) use your creativity
5) stay open to complexity
How to join a change-making community:
1) find a place
2) show up
3) bring your whole toolbox
4) don’t polarize-connect
What methods do you use to take a creative problem solving approach?
1) Get a fuller picture (get a lot of information on the topic)
2) Watch for suggestive facts (those that open new ways of approaching a problem)
3) Get help (ask others to get new ideas and perspectives, compare and contrast)
4 Creative Provocations:
1) invite exotic associations (thinking outside of the filtered box)
2) Compare and Contrast (explore how the same problem is treated in other places & time)
3) Reversal
4) exaggeration
5) Intermediate Impoossible
What is a reversal?
When you reverse certain features in your problem to come up with new sides
What is an exaggeration?
Taking an idea or topic and being “dramatic” about it to find other points
What is intermediate impossible?
start with “ideal” solutions and work toward realism
How to find facts and sources?
1) First figure out what is at stake (clarifying the underlying factual questions in pressing moral issues)
2) Get the facts
3) Interpreting the data
4) go to the course
What are inferences?
Inferences are when we move from certain facts to further conclusions; it is okay to draw generalizations
What does a good generalization consist of?
1) rest of specific and clear examples
2) rest on many examples
3) rests on representative examples that offer enough background information
A good Comparison:
1) cites as a comparison a clear case about which true claims are made
2) Cites as a comparison a relevantly similar case
A good argument from correlation to cause:
1) cites accurate correlations
2) explains how the (proposed) cause leads to the (proposed) effect
3) argues that the proposed cause-effect relationship is the best explanation of the correlation
When forming a definition you should:
1) include all the tings that the term clearly fits
2) exclude all the things that the term clearly doe snot fit
30 Draws the plainest possible line in between
4) explains why the line belongs there and not somewhere else
