Week 3: Cellular Growth/Differentiation, Regeneration, & Repair

Question 1

What type of adaptive response is characterized by:
A. Decreased cell/organ size and functional ability.
B. Reversible change from one cell type to another, often in response to irritation.
C. Abnormal proliferation of cells – change in size, shape, organization
D. Increase in cell size and functional ability due to increased synthesis of intracellular components

Answer 1

A. Atrophy
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Hypertrophy

Question 2

Give some examples of physiologic hypertrophy.

Answer 2

striated muscle for weight lifters

growth during puberty

Question 3

What is the significance of anaplasia, what are the two chief findings of anaplasia?

Answer 3

Acquired malignant change. Total loss of differentiation as might occasionally be seen in malignant neoplasms. Increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. Nucleus takes on non-recognizable shapes. Brick-like cell pattern is replaced with strange pattern, no structure.

Question 4

Surgical intentions: Primary, Secondary, or Tertiary?
A. No suture, wound is allowed to granulate
B. Wound edges are approximated within 3-4 days
C. Suture w/in 24 hrs, approximation and eversion of skin edges is achievable
D. Intentionally kept open to allow edema/infection to resolve

Answer 4

A. Secondary
B. Tertiary
C. Primary
D. Tertiary

Question 5

What is the difference between hypoplasia and agenesis?

Answer 5

Hypoplasia = Defective formation or incomplete development of a part 
Agenesis = Complete absence, failure of formation.

Question 6

What Type of Stem Cell?
A. Continuously dividing (epidermis, mucosal & GI epith)
B. Never divide (nerve, cardiac, skeletal)
C. Low level of replication (hepatocytes, renal tubular epith, pancreatic acini, alveoli)

Answer 6

A. Labile
B. Permanent
C. Stable

Question 7

What are the three stages of fracture healing?

Answer 7

1. Procallus = provides anchorage, but no structural rigidity. blood rushes in, inflammation
2. Fibrocartilagenous callous = subperiosteal bone, chondroid matrix
3. Osseus callous = recruit Ca, P, woven bone, then lamellar bone (flattens) higher conc. of Ca/P than other tissue

Question 8

What is the difference between a traumatic fracture and a pathologic fracture?

Answer 8

Traumatic = caused by injury/impact
Pathologic = created by metastatic disease, osteoporosis, etc.

Question 9

What type of adaptive response is caused by:
A. Hormonal or antigenic stimulation.
B. Decreased use, ischemia, lack of hormonal/neural stimulation, malnutrition, aging
C. Chronic irritation
D. Organ compensating for partial loss (hepatectomy)

Answer 9

A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia

Question 10

Can hyperplasia and hypertrophy occur together?

Answer 10

Yes, they often do.

Question 11

What type of heart failure (diastolic or systolic) is associated with hypertension? Explain.

Answer 11

Diastolic. With HTN, left ventricle becomes hypertrophied from pushing blood out to tissues against increased resistance. Hypertrophy of L vent. prevents it from filling properly during diastole (diastolic failure) because it can’t relax or because its wall is thick or rigid. CO is then decreased.

Question 12

What is a bicuspid aortic valve and how does this relate to heart failure?

Answer 12

Diastolic heart failure is compounded by bicuspid aortic valve (supposed to be tricuspid) b/c creates smaller opening for blood to pass into aorta (more resistance, more stress on L ventricle)

Question 13

Give some examples pathologic hypertrophy.

Answer 13

cardiac muscle in hypertension

hypertrophy of uterus via exogenous hormones