Week 2: Concepts in Pathology Flashcards
What is the difference between morphological pathology and theoretical pathology?
Morphological = Macro or microscopic change (ie cancer) Theoretical = Pre-cellular disease, a classification rather than specific diagnosis (ie multiple chemical sensitivity)
T or F?
A. Morbidity is death
B. Comorbidity is the co-occurrence of two or more related diseases
C. Idiopathic is a disease of unknown cause.
D. Iatrogenic is disease of natural causes
A. False. Morbidity = effects of disease. Mortality = death
B. True
C. True
D. False. Dr.-caused disease. 60% of diseases.
Clinical definition of death.
1) No spontaneous breath
2) No palpable pulse
3) No heart sounds on auscultation
T or F?
A. Signs are subjective, reported by patient
B. Symptoms are objective measurements
C. A self-limited disease goes away on its own.
D. Subclinical refers to a disease without expression
A. False. Signs are gathered through clinical exams or lab tests.
B. False. Symptoms are subjective, patient reported info.
C. True
D. True
Are these paired correctly?
A. Underlying cause = Pathogenesis
B. Course of disease = Etiology
C. Macro/micro damage = Morphology
A. =Etiology
B. =Pathogenesis
C. (Correct)
What is a functional disease?
Disease without gross or micro morphological changes (ie fibromyalgia)
What is a syndrome?
Group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a particular abnormality or condition. Disease process with poorly understood pathogenesis.
Eosin or Hematoxylin? A. stains cytoplasm/RBC/collagen B. stains structures blue/purple C. stains nuclei/bacteria D. stains structures pink/red
A. Eosin
B. Hematoxylin
C. Hematoxylin
D. Eosin
T or F?
A. Prussian blue reacts with cells and CT
B. Congo red reacts with amyloid and turns it pink/red
C. Gram stain reacts with bacteria
D. Trichrome reacts with iron
A. False. Prussian blue reacts with iron
B. True
C. True
D. False Trichrome reacts with cells and CT
Most common cause of cellular injury?
Hypoxia = lack of O2, commonly from ischemia (anemia, cardiac fail.) –> inability to produce ATP in ETC
Causes of cellular injury that are nutritional in nature?
1) Inadequate intake (Marasmus, Kwashiorkor)
2) Excessive caloric intake = obesity, atherosclerosis
3) Vitamin deficiency
Causes of cellular injury that are environmental in nature (the result of exposures)?
1) Chemical injury = drugs, poisons, pollution, occupational exposure
2) Infections = direct infection, toxins, host inflammatory response
3) Physical = trauma, burns, frostbite, radiation, pressure changes
Causes of cellular injury that are internally caused?
1) Immunological rxns = hypersensitivity rxn, autoimmune
2) Congenital = inborn metab. errors and genetic disorder
When does cloudy swelling occur? What happens?
Occurs when cells are incapable of maintaining ionic and fluid homeostasis.
- Decreased [ATP] and Na+ pump activity
- Causes Na and H2O to accumulate intracellularly. Ca also rises.
- Result is net isosmostic gain of water.
- Cellular degeneration no longer irreversible –> necrosis or apoptosis
Four critical intracellular systems that are susceptible to injury are?
DNA
Production of ATP via aerobic respiration
Cell membranes
Protein synthesis
Sources of Free Radicals
Metabolism, Redox reactions, Xanthene Oxidase, Free Iron, Neutrophils, Oxygen Therapy, UV light and irradiation, Drugs/toxins, Cigarette smoke and air pollution
Why is mitochondrial dysfunction is an important mechanism of cellular injury? What are the changes that occur in the cell?
Leads to severe membrane damage and irreversible cell injury
1) Decrease in oxid. phosphorylation causes decreased ATP and increases permeability of mitochondria
2) Release of cytochrome c is a trigger for apoptosis
3) The Na/K/ATPase pumps start to fail
4) Influx of Na and H2O and efflux of K
5) Cellular swelling, swelling of the ER
T or F: ATP depletion results in
A. Increased cell membrane permeability
B. Efflux of Ca
C. Ca triggers 2nd messenger to activate a wide spectrum of enzymes
D. Proteases breakdown protein, ATPase depletes ATP, phospholipases cause cell injury, and endonucleases cause DNA damage
A. True
B. False. Influx of Ca
C. True
D. True
What are the nuclear changes associated with irreversible cell injury/death?
Pyknosis = degeneration and condensation of nuclear chromatin (Greek pyknono = to thicken up, to become dense) Karyorrhexis = nuclear fragmentation (Greek rhexis = bursting) Karyolysis = dissolution of the nucleus
What Type of Necrosis: Appearance
A. Soft, friable “cottage cheese” appearance
B. Chalky white appearance
C. Dry (no tissue fluid) gangrene looks like ____
D. Wet (tissue fluid) gangrene looks like ____
E. Necrotic CT that resembles fibrin
A. Caseous B. Fat C. Coagulative D. Liquifactive E. Fibrinoid
What Type of Necrosis: Where It Is Found
A. Most common in kidney, liver, heart
B. In abscesses, brain infarcts, & pancreatic necrosis
C. Caused by lipases acting on adipocytes
D. Common in lower extremities, g.b., GI tract
A. Coagulative
B. Liquifaction
C. Fat
D. Gangrenous
What Type of Necrosis: Mechanism
A. From acute immunologic injury (hypersensitivity rxn)
B. Hydrolytic/proteolytic enzymes, zymogens –> autolysis
C. Combination of liquefaction and coagulation
D. Seen w/ granulomatous diseases like TB
A. Fibrinoid
B. Liquifaction
C. Caseous
D. Caseous
What Type of Necrosis: Random A. Most common form of necrosis B. Responsible for mosquito reminder (cyst from denaturing and coagulation of proteins in cytoplasm) C. Eosinophilic (pink) pattern D. General term for dead tissue
A. Coagulative
B. Coagulative
C. Fibrinoid
D. Gangreous
T or F? Apoptosis
A. Specialized form of cell death with inflamm. response
B. Triggered by lack of growth factors/hormones (mitochondrial pathway)
C. Usually affects large numbers of cells
D. Triggered by receptor-ligand signals (Fas, TNF) (Extrinstic pathway)
A. False. NO INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE!
B. True
C. False. Usually affects single cells / small groups of cells
D. True
