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Biology > Week 3 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Week 3 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the heart located in the human body?

A

It is located in the MEDIASTINUM just superior to the DIAPHRAGM.
It is bordered laterally by the LUNGS.
The APEX of the heart is on the bottom, left of the STERNUM at about the level of the 5th RIB.
The BASE of the heart is attached to large vessels and is on the top, beneath the 2nd RIB.
The AORTA lies behind the upper part of the STERNUM.

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2
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A membranous sac that encloses the heart and the proximal ends ends of the large blood vessels to which it attaches.

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3
Q

Describe the outer layer of the pericardium.

A

Known as the FIBROUS PERICARDIUM.
It is a fibrous bag composed of connective tissue.
It is attached to the central part of the diaphragm, the posterior of the sternum, the vertebral column, and the large blood vessels associated with the heart.

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4
Q

What is the visceral pericardium?

A

Also known as epicardium.
The innermost layer that covers the heart. Situated at the base, turns back upon itself to become the PARIETAL PERICARDIUM.

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5
Q

What is the Pericardial cavity?

A

Located between the PARIETAL AND VISCERAL layers of the pericardium.
It is a cavity that contains a small volume of serous fluid. This fluid reduces friction between the pericardial membranes as the heart moves within them.

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6
Q

What are the names of the 3 layers that make up the heart wall?

A 
Outer Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium)
Middle Myocardium
Inner Endocardium
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7
Q

What does the Epicardium (layer of the heart) do?

A

Protects the heart by reducing friction.
It is a serous membrane that consists of connective tissue covered by EPITHELIUM.
Deeper part of layer consists of adipose tissue.
This typically lines paths of coronary arteries and cardiac veins that provide blood flow through the MYOCARDIUM.

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8
Q

What does the Myocardium (middle layer of the heart) do?

A

Consists largely of cardiac muscle tissue that pumps blood OUT of the heart chambers.
The muscle fibers are separated by connective tissues richly supplied with blood capillaries, lymph capillaries and nerve fibers.

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9
Q

What does the Endocardium (inner layer of the heart) do?

A

Consists of epithelium and underlying connective tissue that contains many elastic and collagen fibers.
Also contains blood vessels and Purkinje fibers.

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10
Q

What are Purkinje Fibers?

A

Specialised cardiac muscle fibers.
composed of electrically excitable cells and many Mitochondria.
They play a major role in electrical conduction and propagation of impulse to the ventricular muscle of the heart.

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11
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

ATRIA - Left Atrium and Right Atrium

VENTRICLES - Left and Right Ventricles

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12
Q

What is the function of the Atria?

A

Thin walls, upper chamber of the heart.

They receive blood RETURNING to the heart.

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13
Q

What is the function of the Ventricles?

A

They are the lower chambers of the heart.

They receive blood from the Atria and contract to force blood out of the heart into the arteries.

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14
Q

What is the septum and what does it do?

A

The septum is solid and wall-like. It separates the right atria and right ventricle from their left counterparts.
This results in the blood from one side of the heart never mixing with blood from the other side.

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15
Q

What is the atrioventricular valve and what does it do?

A

The atrioventricular valve (AV) is on the right and left side of the septum. It ensures one-way blood flow between the atrium and the ventricle on each side.

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16
Q

What is Vena Cavae?

A

Made up of two large veins - superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.
They return DEOXYGENATED BLOOD to the RIGHT ATRIUM from the BODY.
(The coronary sinus is a small vein and drains VENOUS BLOOD into the Right Atrium from the MYOCARDIUM).

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17
Q

What does the Tricuspid Valve do?

A
  • Has 3 tapered projections called CUSPS
  • Lies between the Right ATRIUM and the Right VENTRICLE.
  • The valve permits blood to move from the right atrium to the right ventricle and prevents backflow.
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18
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A

Muscles that extend inwards from the VENTRICULAR WALL of the heart and to which the chordae tendineae attach.
When the tricuspid valve closes, these muscles pull on the chordae tendineae and prevent the cusps from swinging back (everting) into the atrium.

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19
Q

What is chordae tendineae?

A

Fibrous strings attached to the cusps of the tricuspid and mitral valves in the heart.
Made up of papillary muscles.

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20
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located and what is its function?

A

Location: Entrance to pulmonary trunk
Function: Prevents blood from moving from the RIGHT VENTRICLE into the RIGHT ATRIUM during VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION.

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21
Q

Where is the Bicuspid Valve and what is its function?

A

Location: The opening between the left ATRIUM and left VENTRICLE
Function: Prevents blood from moving from the Left Ventricle into the Left Atrium during VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION.

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22
Q

What is the aortic valve and what is its function?

A

Location: Entrance to the aorta
Function: Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the LEFT VENTRICLE during VENTRICULAR RELAXATION.

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23
Q

What are the differences between the Right and Left Ventricles?

A

RIGHT V

  • Has a thinner muscular wall
  • Pumps blood at a shorter distance to the LUNGS against a low resistance to blood flow.

LEFT V

  • Has a thicker muscular wall
  • Forces blood to ALL PARTS OF THE BODY against a much greater resistance to flow.
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24
Q

What happens when the RIGHT VENTRICLE CONTRACTS?

A
  1. Blood is put at under increased pressure
  2. This forces the TRICUSPID VALVE to close.
  3. This causes the PULMONARY TRUNK to be the only exit for blood flow
  4. The Pulmonary Trunk divides into R+L pulmonary arteries that lead to the LUNGS.
  5. The Pulmonary Valve allows the blood to leave the R Ventricle AND prevent backflow into the ventricular chamber.
  6. Therefore, blood is being pumped to the lungs when the Right V Contracts.
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25
Q

What happens when the Left Atrium receives blood?

A
  1. It receives blood from the LUNGS via the Pulmonary Veins.
  2. Blood passes from the Left A to the Left V via the Bicuspid Valve.
  3. The Bicuspid Valve prevents backflow of blood from the Left V back into the Left A.
  4. As with the Tricuspid Valve, the papillary muscles and chordae tendineae prevent the cusps of the mitral valve from swinging back into the Left Atrium.
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26
Q

What happens when the Left Ventricle CONTRACTS?

A
  1. The MITRAL VALVE (Bicuspid) closes passively, making the only exit for blood the AORTA.
  2. The aortic valve opens and allows the blood to leave the LEFT VENTRICLE as it contracts.
  3. When the ventricular muscles RELAX, the valve closes and prevents the backflow of blood into the Left Ventricle.
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27
Q

What are other names for the bicuspid valve?

A 
MITRAL VALVE
LEFT ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) VALVE
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28
Q

What is the Pulmonary Circuit?

A

The exchange of blood between the heart and lungs.

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29
Q

What is the Systemic Circuit?

A

The flow of blood between the heart and all body tissues.

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30
Q

What are the correct steps of the blood flow from the heart - lungs and tissues?

A
  1. The R Atria receives DEOXYGENATED BLOOD from the superior and inferior vena cavae.
  2. The Blood flows through to the R VENTRICLE via the Tricuspid Valve (Right AV).
  3. Blood passes through the Pulmonary Semilunar Valve and into a large vessel called the Pulmonary Trunk.
  4. The Pulmonary Trunk divides into the L and R Pulmonary Arteries, resulting in the blood reaching the Lungs.
  5. In the Lungs, gas exchange occurs. The co2 metabolic waste from all cells LEAVES the blood and is exhaled. The newly inhaled o2 is picked up by the blood.
  6. From the lungs, the blood flows through the Pulmonary Veins and into the L Atrium, past the Bicuspid Valve and into the the L Ventricle.
  7. The blood then pushes through the aortic valve and into the Aorta.
  8. The Aorta branches, carrying oxygen-rich blood to all tissue cells.
  9. The cells unload co2 into the blood.
  10. The circle is completed when deoxygenated blood is returned to the R Atrium through the super and inferior vena cavae.
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31
Q

How does blood return from the cardiac tissues to the R Atrium?

A

Blood returns to the R Atrium from the cardiac tissues through branches of the Cardiac Veins.
These veins merge into the enlarged coronary sinus, which then drains into the R Atrium.

32
Q

What is the definition of the Cardiovascular System?

A

A closed circuit that consists of the heart and blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins)

33
Q

What is the size of an average adult heart?

A

14cm long and 9cm wide.

About the size of a fist

34
Q

What is the heart?

A

A hollow, cone-shaped muscular pump within the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity.

35
Q

What is the skeleton of the heart made up of?

A
  • Rings of connective tissue surround the pulmonary trunk and aorta
  • They provide attachments for the heart valves and muscle fibers
  • These tough rings prevent dilating of outlets of the Atria and Ventricles.
  • The tissues of the skeleton of the heart are in the Interventricular Septum.
36
Q

What are the 3 main arteries that supply the heart?

A
  • R Coronary Artery
  • L Coronary Artery
  • Circumflex Artery
37
Q

What is the Cardiac Conduction System?

A

Specialised cardiac muscle tissue that conducts impulses throughout the myocardium.
These cells do not contract, but initiate and distribute impulses in the heart, coordinating the cardiac cycle.

38
Q

What is the Sinoatrial Node (SA)?

A

A self-exciting mass of specialised cardiac muscle, which serves as the PACEMAKER.
Location: Posterior R Atrium
It generates the impulses for the heart beat.

39
Q

What occurs after the SA Node generates an impulse?

A

The impulses spread to the Atrial Syncytium, causing atrial contraction to occur, and then Junctional fibers, which lead to the next major component, the AV node.

40
Q

What is the Atrioventricular (AV) Node?

A

This passes impulses to the AV Bundle, delaying the signal until the Atria have finished contracting.
Location: In the Interatrial Septum

41
Q

What is the AV Bundle (Bundle of His)?

A

A collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction.
From the AV Node, the impulses pass to the AV Bundle and travel down the interventricular septum.

42
Q

What are Bundle Branches?

A

AV Bundle divides into left and right bundle branches under the Endocardium.

43
Q

What are Purkinje Fibers?

A

The Bundle Branches give off the Purkinje Fibers, which spread impulses to the ventricular wall and papillary muscles.
The Purkinje fibers stimulates contraction of the papillary muscles, and cause the ventricles to contract in a twisting upward motion.
The twisting motion is a results of the network of irregular whorls formed by the cardiac muscle tissue of the ventricular walls.

44
Q

What is the path of a cardiac impulse?

A

SA Node - Atrial Syncytium - Junctional Fibers - AV Node - AV bundle - Bundle Branches - Purkinje Fibers - Ventricular Syncytium

45
Q

What is a Cardiac Impulse?

A

The wave of cardiac excitation passing from the sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular node and along the bundle of His and initiating the cardiac cycle broadly : heartbeat.

46
Q

What is an Electrodiogram (ECG)?

A

A recording of the electrical changes that occur during a cardiac cycle.
Recording results from the summed action potentials of many cardiac muscle cells, which can be detected through electrical currents in the body fluids.

47
Q

What are the components of the ECG?

A

P Wave
QRS Complex
T Wave

48
Q

What is the P Wave?

A

The first wave, which corresponds to the depolarization of the Atria; this leads to the contraction of Atria.

49
Q

What is the QRS Complex?

A

Corresponds to the depolarization of Ventricles, which leads to contraction of the Ventricles; the repolarization of the atria occcurs during the QRS Complex, but is hidden behind the large ventricular event.

50
Q

What is the T Wave?

A

Corresponds to the Ventricular Repolarisation and leads to Ventricular relaxation.

51
Q

What are the 6 stages of the Cardiac Cycle?

A
  1. Venour return to the R Atrium
  2. Venous flow arrives in the R Ventricle
  3. Venous blood is sent in the lung via the Pulmonary Artery
  4. After oxygenation in the lung, the blood (red blood) returns to the L Atrium
  5. Red blood arrives in the L Ventricle
  6. Red blood is sent in the arteries to the tissues.
52
Q

What makes heart sounds?

A

The vibrations in the heart tissues when the valves close

53
Q

What can heart sounds be desribed as?

A

‘Lubb-dupp’

54
Q

When does the 1st heart sound (lubb) occur?

A

It occurs as the ventricles contract and the AV Valves are closing.

55
Q

When does the 2nd heart sound (dupp) occur?

A

Occurs as ventricles relax and aortic and pulmonary valves are closing.

56
Q

What is an abnormal heart sound called?

A

A murmur; it is due to valve damage

57
Q

What can happen during the cardiac cycle?

A

Pressure within the heart chambers rises and falls with the contraction and relaxation of atria and ventricles.

58
Q

What can happen during early ventricular diastole?

A

Pressure in the Atria is greater than that of the Ventricles, which forces the AV Valves OPEN; this allows ventricles to fill.
Pressure inside the atria rises further as they contract, forcing the remaining blood into the ventricles.
During Ventricular diastole, pressure inside them increases sharply, causing AV Valves to close and the Aortic and Pulmonary Valves to open.

59
Q

What happens during Ventricular Systole?

A

Papillary muscles contract, pulling on CHORDAE TENDINEAE and preventing the backflow of blood through the AV Valves.
As blood is pushed out of the Ventricles, the pressure drops, and the ventricles relax.

60
Q

What is Ventricular Systole?

A

During ventricular systole, the ventricles are contracting and vigorously pulsing (or ejecting) two separated blood supplies from the heart—one to the lungs and one to all other body organs and systems—while the two atria are relaxed (atrial diastole).

61
Q

What happens when the Ventricular pressure is lower than the blood pressure in the aorta?

A

The Aortic valves close.

62
Q

When do the AV Valves open in the cardiac cycle?

A

When the ventricular pressure is lower than the atrial pressure.

63
Q

What is the average adult resting HR?

A

70-75bpm

Normal range of 60-100bpm

64
Q

What is Tachycardia?

A

A condition that makes you heart beat faster than 100bpm.

65
Q

What is Bradycardia?

A

Is a condition that causes your heart to beat less than 60bpm.

66
Q

What is the Sympathetic NS?

A

It activates the ‘fight or flight’ response during a threat or perceived danger.

67
Q

What is the Parasympathetic NS?

A

Restores the body to a state of calm.

68
Q

What do Sympathetic impulses do to heart contractions?

A

They increase the speed and strength of heart contractions.

69
Q

What do paraympathetic impulses do to the heart rate?

A

They decrease the heart rate, restoring the body to a calmer state.

70
Q

Where is the cardiac centre found, in regards to controlling the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic ns?

A

The Medulla Oblongata.

71
Q

What do Baroreceptors do in regards to the cardiac centre’s responses?

A

The baroreceptors detect changes in the blood pressure

72
Q

What other parts of autonomic nervous system influence the heart rate?

A

Impulses from the cerebrum and/or Hypothalamus.

May influence the heart rate through emotions, increased body temp.

73
Q

What factors can influence our heart rate?

A
  • Exercising (more blood is needed by the skeletal muscles as HR Increases)
  • Bradycardia
  • Tachycardia
  • Sympathetic Division of the NS (fight or flight)
  • Parasympathetic Division of the NS (calm body)
  • Changes in BP (baroreceptors)
  • Emotions
  • Increase in body temp
  • Hyperkalemia (excess K+) will decrease the HR and force of contraction; may cause life threatening arrythmias.
  • Hypercalcemia (Excess Ca2) increases heart action, while Hypocalcemia depresses heart action.
74
Q

What is Hyperkalemia and its effect on our HR?

A

Hyperkalemia is excess amounts of the ion, K+.

It decreases HR and the force of heart contractions. Can cause Arrythmias.

75
Q

What is Hypercalcemia?

A

The excess amount of ion Ca2. This increases heart action.

76
Q

What is Hypocalcemia?

A

The lack of ion Ca2. This depresses heart action.

77
Q

What is arrythmias?

A

Affects the rate and rhythm of our heart.
Some conditions of arrythmias can be very serious. People can live a normal life with arrythmias if the condition is diagnosed correctly.

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