Week 3: Cardiovascular Flashcards
3 layers of heart
endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
mitral valve separates
left atrium and ventricle
aortic valve seperates
left ventricle and aorta
tricuspid valve separates
right atrium and right ventricle
pulmonic valve separates
right ventricle and pulmonary artery
systole
contraction of the myocardium, results in ejection of blood from the cardiac
chamber.
diastole
relaxation of the myocardium, allows for filling of the chamber
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute.
It is calculated by multiplying the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with
each heartbeat, the stroke volume (SV), by the heart rate (HR) per minute:
cardiac index
CO divided by the body mass index (BMI). A measure of the
CO of a patient per square metre of body surface area, the cardiac index adjusts the
CO to the body size. The normal cardiac index is 2.8 to 4.2 L/minute/m2
cardiac reserve
refers to the heart’s ability to alter the CO in response to an increase in demand (e.g., exercise, stress, hypovolemia).
baroreceptors
Baroreceptors, located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus, respond to stretch or
pressure within the arterial system.
chemoreceptors
located in the aortic arch and carotid body, can initiate changes in
HR and arterial pressure in response to decreased arterial O2 pressure, increased
arterial CO2 pressure, and decreased plasma pH.
two main factors influencing bp
cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance
electrocardiography
Deviations from the normal sinus rhythm can indicate abnormalities in heart
function.
exercise or stress testing
to evaluate the cardiovascular response to physical stress.
echocardiography
Provides information about (1) valvular structure and motion, (2) cardiac chamber
size and contents, (3) ventricular muscle and septal motion and thickness, (4)
pericardial sac, (5) ascending aorta, and (6) ejection fraction (EF) (percentage of
end-diastolic blood volume that is ejected during systole).
nuclear cardiography
includes MUGA, SPECT, PET, CMRI, MRA
Cardiac computed tomography
Heart-imaging test in which CT technology, with or without intravenous contrast medium (dye), is used to see the heart anatomy, coronary circulation, and great blood vessels (e.g., aorta, pulmonary veins, artery).
coronary angiography
Contrast media (introduced via a catheter inserted in a large peripheral artery) and fluoroscopy are used to obtain information about the coronary arteries, heart chambers and valves, ventricular function, intracardiac pressures, O2 levels in various parts of the heart, CO, and EF.
electrophysiology study
Studies and manipulates the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes placed
inside the cardiac chambers. It provides information on SA node function, AV
node conduction, ventricular conduction, and source of dysrhythmias.
intracoronary ultrasound or intravascular ultrasound
Performed during coronary angiography. It obtains 2D or 3D ultrasound images to
provide a cross-sectional view of the arterial walls of the coronary arteries.
colour flow duplex imaging
Uses contrast media, injected into arteries or veins (arteriography and
venography) to diagnose occlusive disease in the peripheral blood vessels and
thrombophlebitis.
fractional flow reserve
Performed during a cardiac catheterization; a special wire is inserted into the
coronary arteries to gather these measurements, and the information is used to
determine need for angioplasty or stent placement on nonsignificant blockages.
hemodynamic monitering
Uses intra-arterial and pulmonary artery catheters to monitor arterial BP,
intracardiac pressures, CO, and central venous pressure (CVP).