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Mine > WEEK 3: Bone Anatomy > Flashcards

WEEK 3: Bone Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Lost and describe the functions of bones

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Mineral homeostasis (storage and release): calcium and phosphorous (gives bone hardness). The body will break down the bone to release minerals into the blood.
  5. Blood cell production (red bone marrow).
  6. Triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow)
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2
Q

What are the five classifications of bone?

A
  • long
  • flat
  • short
  • irregular
  • sesamoid
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3
Q

What are long bones?

A
  • longer than they are wide

FUNCTION: support weight and facilitate movement

e.g., the lower limbs (the tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals, and phalanges) and bones in the upper limbs (the humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges).

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4
Q

What are flat bones?

A
  • flattened bones, thin

FUNCTION: protection and a large area of attachment for muscles

e.g., scapula, sternum, ribs

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5
Q

What are short bones?

A
  • about as long as they are wide

FUNCTION: provide stability and some movement

i.e., carpals in the wrist (scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, hamate, pisiform, capitate, trapezoid, and trapezium) and the tarsals in the ankles (calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and medial cuneiform).

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6
Q

What are irregular bones?

A
  • complex shapes

FUNCTION: often serve as protection for internal organs

i.e., vertebrae, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid.

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7
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A
  • bone embedded in tendons

FUNCTION: protection from stress and wear

i.e., patella, found in knee/thumb/toe

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8
Q

Structures of bone: diaphysis

A
  • middle section of the bone that houses the medullary cavity
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9
Q

Structures of bone: proximal and distal epiphysis

A
  • ends of bone that is filled with spongy bone
  • contains red bone marrow
  • each end meets at the metaphysis
  • prox is up high, dist is down low
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10
Q

Structures of the bone: medullary cavity

A
  • filled with yellow bone marrow that is made of adipose tissue
  • adipose tissue holds tyglericides
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11
Q

Structures of the bone: endosteum

A
  • the inner lining of the medullary cavity
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12
Q

Structures of the bone: periosteum

A
  • the fibrous membrane of the bone
  • covers the entire external surface of the bone
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13
Q

Structures of the bone: epiphyseal plate

A
  • indicative of the boundary between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
  • is a layer of hyaline cartilage
  • the location where growth prior to puberty occurs
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14
Q

Structures of the bone: articular cartilage

A
  • a thin layer of cartilage that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
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15
Q

Types of bone cells:

A
  • Osteoprogenitor cell
  • Osteoblast
  • Osteocyte
  • Osteoclast
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16
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A
  • Stem cell (where bone originates from)
  • Derived from mesenchyme.
  • Located in endosteum and periosteum.
  • Differentiate into osteoblasts (only cells that undergo division)
17
Q

What are osteoblast cells?

A
  • they are matrix-synthesising cells that are responsible for bone growth
  • they synthesise and secrete osteoid
  • located in endosteum and periosteum

OSTEOID =made of collagen fibres and other substances necessary to the formulation of ground substance (unmineralised bone matrix)

  • osteoid can bind calcium and phosphorus
  • osteoid is secreteted around the cell and the cells become trapped > forms an osteocyte
18
Q

What are osteocytes?

A
  • mature bone cells that become trapped in lacunae (are trapped in osteoid cellular matrix)
  • monitor and maintain the mineralised bone matrix (transport waste and nutrients to and from the cell)
  • sense mechanical loading
19
Q

What are lacunae?

A
  • the spaces that osteocyte cells are trapped in after osteiod fluid is secreteted
20
Q

What are canaliculi?

A
  • the long processes that extend from osteocytes, that allow them to communicate with one another
  • they function as tunnels that extend out from each of the cells
  • they are critical to mineral homeostasis: they move waste and nutrients in and out of the cells
21
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A
  • derived from WBCs
  • they migrate from bone marrow and into the bone tissue
  • they are bone-resorbing cells; the cells that degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss in pathologic conditions by increasing their resorptive activity
  • they have a ruffled border that adheres to the bone’s extracellular matrix
  • when it attaches to the matrix, it secretes acids and enzymes that break down the bone
22
Q

Features of compact bone (cortical bone)

A
  • is an extracellular matrix filled with tightly bunched together collagen fibres and calcified osteoid.
  • composed of closely packed osteons
  • tiny spaces between lacunae
  • is the hard external layer of bones

FUNCTION: strength, protection, support

23
Q

What are osteons?

A
  • ompact rings of concentric lamellae
24
Q

Features of spongy bone (cancellous bone)

A
  • bone tissue is an open network
  • lamellae are arranged to form trabeculae (rather then osteon rings)
  • red bone marrow is situated between the trabeculae

FUNCTIONS: flexability (can compress), shock absorber, produce blood cells

25
Q

What are trabeculae?

A
  • lamellae arranged as beams or crossbars in a loose 3D network
26
Q

What are lamellae?

A
  • concentric rings of calcified extracellular matrix
27
Q

What is a central canal?

A
  • tunnel in centre of osteon that houses vessels and nerves
28
Q

What is a preforating canal?

A
  • a tunnel that connects central canals and periosteum
  • allow blood vessels to run between them
29
Q

What is canaliculi?

A
  • a tunnel that connects lacunae and central canal
  • allow blood vessels to run between them

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