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Perception > Week 3- Body and Chemical Senses > Flashcards

Week 3- Body and Chemical Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the force that brings us downwards

A

Gravity

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2
Q

How many semicircular canals are there per side

A

3

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3
Q

How are the three semicircular canals oriented?

A

At right angles to each other

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4
Q

What are the three semicircular canals called

A

Posterior, anterior and lateral

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5
Q

What are the other two little organs

A

The otoliths

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6
Q

What are the two otoliths called?

A

Utricle and saccule

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7
Q

What do the semicircular canals have in common with the otoliths

A

Each are filled with fluid which moves slightly as you change your orientation and a small patch of sensory hair cells which is what does the transduction

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8
Q

What happens when you move around the world?

A

The fluid moves which displaces the hair cells and leads to sensory responses. Hair cells connected to neural units which then fire when they deflect and send their signals upwards in the system

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9
Q

How many axes can the body move linearly along?

A

3- x, y and z

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10
Q

How many planes can the body rotate within?

A

Frontal (roll- rotate around x axis), median (pitch- rotate around y axis), and transverse (yaw- rotate around z axis)

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11
Q

Where does the z axis go?

A

Straight through your spine and out through your head

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12
Q

Where does the y axis go?

A

Through each of ears and out other side

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13
Q

Where does the x axis go?

A

Back of head out through nose

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14
Q

How many possible ways can the body move in independent of the others?

A

6

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15
Q

What is the bundle of hair cells projecting across the canal called?

A

Cupula

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16
Q

Where is the cupula located?

A

In the ampula

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17
Q

How is the utricle and the saccule different to the cupula?

A

Cupula is a little bundle of hair cells projecting across canal, utricle and saccule contain hair cells that are laid out like a carpet with all the hair cells sticking in the same direction.

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18
Q

What is endolymph?

A

The fluid around the semi-circular canal within the cavity

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19
Q

What does rotational acceleration cause?

A

Fluid movement relative to the canals, as the fluid ‘lags behing’ the head/canal due to inertia

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20
Q

What causes neural firing

A

When the body moves, which moves the endolymph along the cavity, causing it to brush the cupula which causes the neurons to fire

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21
Q

Essentially, what does the semi-circular canal sense?

A

Changes in rotation

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22
Q

What is the specific stimulus for the otoliths?

A

A linear excelleration or a static tilt and change in orienation compared to being aligned with gravitational vertical

This is because its putting the same forces on your otoliths

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23
Q

How are receptors arranged in the utricle?

A

Horizontal otolithic membrane

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24
Q

How are receptors arranged in the saccule

A

Vertical membrane

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25
Q

Why are receptors arranged differently for the utricle and saccule

A

Because between the 4 organs, they will respond to linear acceleration or tilt along any axis

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26
Q

What is the jelly in the otoliths called

A

otholithic membrane

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27
Q

Where do sensory nerve fibres from the hair cells project to in transduction?

A

The vestibular nuclei of the brainstems, then signals go 4 ways.

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28
Q

What are the 4 routes from the vestibular sensory organ to the cortex

A

Vestibulo-cerebellar, thalamic, spinal and ocular

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29
Q

What is Vestibulo- cerebellar

A

Some direct projections from vestibular organs to cerebellum, for movement feedback and posture

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30
Q

What is Vestibulo-thalamic

A

Projects to cortex for balance perception

31
Q

What is Vestibulo-spinal?

A

Reflexive balance, including limb movements

32
Q

What is Vestibulo-ocular

A

Compensatory and stabilising eye movements - like blair witch project

33
Q

What is the oculogyral illusion

A

Spin round repeatedly, then stop.
Illusory movement of the body and of stationary objects occurs.
Due to inertia, fluid in the semicircular canals decelerates more slowly than the canals when spin stops.
The resulting shear is in the opposite direction to that produced by the original rotation.

34
Q

What is the oculogravic illusion?

A

When the body undergoes linear acceleration, an illusory impression of body tilt occurs.
Linear acceleration and static head tilt both trigger responses in the otoliths.
Responsible for plane crashes during take-off from aircraft carriers.

35
Q

What body parts can humans smell their gender on?

A

Breath and hands

36
Q

If something is released into a gas, what is it called?

A

volatiles

37
Q

If the chemical compound smells, what are they called?

A

odourants. Mostly an organic compound/carbon chains

38
Q

What is a chemoreceptor?

A

An olfactory receptor cells

39
Q

Where are chemoreceptor found?

A

In the roof of the nasal cavity, in the olfactory epithelium

40
Q

Where are odorant recepters found?

A

On hairs protecting from receptor cells.

41
Q

How many olfactory receptors types are they and how often are they renewed

A

500-1000 different receptor types and renewed every 2 months

42
Q

Where do receptor cells project to?

A

Mitral cells

43
Q

Where do mitral cells live

A

In the olfactory bulb

44
Q

Where do receptor cells synapse

A

In spherical bundles called glomeruli

45
Q

What do glomeruli take?

A

Projections from 200 receptor cells of the same type

46
Q

How many mitral cells are they in the human olfactory bulb

A

50000

47
Q

What are free nerve endings responsible for?

A

sensations of coolness, tingling and burning

48
Q

What is selectivity

A

When receptors respond preferentially to a particular ordorant chemical . This receptor may respond at a lower rate to similar chemical e.g. ones with a slightly longer/shorter carbon chain.

49
Q

What is adaptation

A

When responses fall rapidly after ordorant exposure. At the same time your perception of the intensity of the smell decreases.
Detection of the molecule becomes more difficult.

50
Q

After the olfactory receptors are released, where do they go?

A

Into the Olfactory Bulb

51
Q

Where do all senses besides Olfactory go for a relay station?

A

The Thalamus. Signals go there before they go anywhere else.

52
Q

What sense do the mitral cell axons go straight to the primary …. cortex?

A

Olfactory

53
Q

Why is there a strong emotional impact of smell?

A

Because of the direct connection of the Primary olfactory cortex and the amydala

54
Q

How many odours can humans recognise

A

10000

55
Q

How is it possible that humans can smell 10000 odours when they only have 500-1000 different receptor types

A

Population coding- Stimulus information is encoded not simply by which cell is firing most, but by the pattern of firing throughout the entire neural array.

Each olfactory mixture is represented by a different pattern of activity across receptors/mitral cells

56
Q

What is the difference between analysis and synthesis?

A

Analysis is the process of breaking down into separate components.

Synthesis
The combination of components forms a new perceptual whole that cant be broken down.

57
Q

What happens when smells are repeatedly presented together

A

They acquire properties of each other

58
Q

Why was gustation evolved?

A

To determine what is nutritious food and to avoid poisoning

59
Q

What is chemicals for gustation?

A

Molecules dissolve in saliva and bind with receptors

60
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found in gustation?

A

On the tips of microvilli projecting from the end of taste receptor cells

61
Q

How many receptor cells is in a taste bud?

A

50-150

62
Q

How many taste buds do we have

A

5000-10000

63
Q

How long do taste receptor cells last?

A

10 days

64
Q

What are the four categories found for selectivity?

A

Sugars, salts, acids, plant alkaloids (bitter)

65
Q

What is cross fibre theory

A

Taste signalled by overall pattern of firing over all 4 channels

66
Q

Where do gustatory nerve axons terminate

A

In the brainstem.

67
Q

where do projections from the brainstem in gustation go

A

Travel to the cortex via the thalamus, and to the amgydala

68
Q

What is the insula cortex?

A

The primary gustatory cortex

69
Q

Where does the insula cortex project to?

A

The orbitofrontal cortex

70
Q

How does adaptation affect taste

A

Reduces intensity

71
Q

What is cross adaptation

A

A sweet taste causes water to taste sour and a sour taste causes water to taste sweet and reduces the intensity of some bitter tastes

72
Q

What is the difference between flavour and taste

A

Flavour is a multi-sensory taste. It is gustatory, olfactory and texture etc.

73
Q

Where is flavour processed?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

Perception (5 decks)

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