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Perception > Week 2- Audition > Flashcards

Week 2- Audition Flashcards

1
Q

What is sound

A

A wave of pressure variations

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2
Q

What are sound waves

A

A wave of compression and rarefaction, by which sound is propagated in a elastic medium such as air.

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3
Q

What is compression

A

Where molecules are forced or pressed together, it is a wave where the particles are closest together

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4
Q

What is rarefaction

A

Rarefaction is the opposite of compression, it is when the molecules are given extra space and allowed to expand.
It is the wave where the particles are furthest apart.

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5
Q

What are the properties of a wave

A

Frequency, amplitude and phase

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6
Q

What is frequency

A

how many full waves in a second? (Hz) corresponds to the pitch of the sound

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7
Q

What is Amplitude

A

how high is the wave? (dB) corresponds to the loudness of the sound

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8
Q

What is Phase

A

How far through the wave are we? (degrees) corresponds to the timbre of the sound

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9
Q

What is fourier analysis

A

The breaking down of a complex wave into its sine wave components

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10
Q

What is complex sounds

A

When sounds of different frequencies are added together

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11
Q

What is pure tone

A

A tone with one frequency, a sine wave

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12
Q

What are natural sounds

A

Simple sine waves added together

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13
Q

What makes up the outer ear

A

The Pinna and Meatus

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14
Q

What does the Pinna do

A

The pinna in humans colours high frequency sound by interference between the echoes reflected in different structures.
Only frequencies that have a wavelength comparable to the dimensions of the pinna are influenced by it. The direction of sound is important.

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15
Q

What is the meatus

A

The tube that links the pinna to the eardrum

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16
Q

What makes up the middle ear

A

Tympanic membrane, malleus, incus and stapes

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17
Q

What are the two functions of the middle ear?

A
  1. the middle ear helps turn large amplitude vibrations in air to small aptitudes vibration in fluid.
  2. it protects against loud low frequency sounds through the stapedius reflex
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18
Q

What makes up the inner ear?

A

The cochlea

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19
Q

How many chambers are in the cochlea?

A

3

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20
Q

What are two of the chambers in the cochlea separated by?

A

The basilar membrane.

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21
Q

What does the basilar membrane sit on?

A

The organ of Corti

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22
Q

What sits on top of the organ of corti?

A

The tectorial membrane

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23
Q

What is the tectorial membrane/

A

Sound travels on here moving the inner hair cells

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24
Q

What makes up the organ of corti

A

Inner hair cells

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25
Q

What is the basilar membrane function

A

Sound travels on here moving the inner hair cells

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26
Q

What is the place code for frequency

A 
Low frequency (wide and floppy) tones make the whole basilar membrane vibrate at the frequency of the tone. High frequency tones peak near the base of the membrane, thin and narrow. 
When there is more than one tone, their vibrations add together
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27
Q

What is characteristic frequency?

A

Characteristic frequency (CF) of a particular place along the membrane is the frequency that peaks at that point

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28
Q

What is frequency tuned auditory filters?

A

“Frequency-tuned auditory filters” If 10,000 Hz i the characteristic frequency of a nerve fibre, it will still respond to frequencies a little bit above and below that number.

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29
Q

What are the limits of what we dont hear

A

below 20Hz and above 20000 Hz

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30
Q

What is a frequency code

A

the auditory nerve also encodes cells depending on how many times it fires for each sound. When an impulse is generated, a single nerve impulse is generated and this is called firing of the nerve. This firing of the nerve also encodes frequency information, according to the frequency of the sound.

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31
Q

What is phase locking

A

the chemical process is timed with how the auditory nerve fires. This principle only works for low frequencies because of the refractory period

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32
Q

What is transduction

A
  • As the hairs of inner hair cells bend, the voltage of the hair cell changes
  • When the hairs are bent sufficiently in one direction, the voltage realises a neurotransmitter b/w the hair cell and the auditory cell synapse - the auditory nerve fires
  • After firing the auditory nerve fibre has a refractory period of around 1 ms
33
Q

How does coding intensity differ

A

•each nerve has a resting state in which it continuously fires “spontaneous firing rate of a nerve”, it’s only when you hear a sound that the firing rate increases. That’s how they ‘code’ for the sounds.

  • sounds at lower intensity have the high spontaneous rate fibres coding for them. These are the fibres that would increase their firing rate and help code the information.
  • if you have a high sound, you don’t want it to saturate so soon. This is why you have low spontaneous rate fibres.
34
Q

What are our two nerve fibres

A

Low and High spontaneous rates.

Low fires slowly and high fires faster

35
Q

How much can each fibre code for?

A

Between 20-50 dB of change

36
Q

What is a low pass filter

A

Filter allows really low frequencies to get through

37
Q

What is a high pass filter

A

Only allows high pass frequencies to get in

38
Q

What are our auditory filters?

A

Band filters

39
Q

What is a band filter?

A

Allow a band of frequencies to pass through, Have a high cut off frequency and a low.

40
Q

What are the three steps to apply fourier theory?

A
  1. output of filter must not contain any frequency which was not present in input
  2. if amplitude of input is changed by some factor, the output must also change by the same factor
  3. output of A+B+C must be equal to output of (A) + output (B) + output (C)
41
Q

What are filters that violate the three step rule for fourier theory called?

A

Non linear filters

42
Q

What are the reasons that the ear is a fourier analysis?

A
  • it helps break up a complex sound into sine waves - there are auditory filters along the baslar membrane, high frequency sounds responded to by the base & low frequency sounds responded to by the apex
  • responds to amplitude to each of these corresponding sine waves
  • can encode phase information
43
Q

What are the reasons against fourier analysis

A
  • goes against (1) - two tones should result in separate peaks but often the peaks merge (“two tone suppression”)
  • sometimes the ear introduces distortion products - if the ear generates two frequencies close together then the ear will generate extra frequencies (Otoacoustic emissions). These are frequencies that were not generated in the input but occur in the output.
  • violates the role of the outer hair cells. The function of the outer hair cells, it helps to amplify small intensities. If there are sounds that have really low intensities the outer hair help amplify it by their movement & help the encoding to happen.
44
Q

Where do auditory nerve fibres terminate?

A

In the cochlea nucleus

45
Q

Where is the cochlea nucleus located

A

At the brain stem

46
Q

What do binaural neurons do?

A

Help consolidate information from the two ears

47
Q

What does tonotopically organised mean?

A

Organised in terms of sound frequency

48
Q

Where do outer hair cells get their input?

A

From the brain

49
Q

What do outer hair cells do?

A

They help encode information by changing their length and change the attributes of the signal encoding.

50
Q

What is the descending auditory pathway?

A

• descending fibres run from auditory cortex to cochlea, with synapses in reverse order to ascending projections

51
Q

What are efferent pathways and afferent pathways?

A

Efferent pathways helps to encode sound and the afferent pathway negates how the sounds are encoded

52
Q

What is the basilar membrane function

A

Sound travels on here moving the inner hair cells

53
Q

What is the place code for frequency

A 
Low frequency (wide and floppy) tones make the whole basilar membrane vibrate at the frequency of the tone. High frequency tones peak near the base of the membrane, thin and narrow. 
When there is more than one tone, their vibrations add together
54
Q

What is characteristic frequency?

A

Characteristic frequency (CF) of a particular place along the membrane is the frequency that peaks at that point

55
Q

What is frequency tuned auditory filters?

A

“Frequency-tuned auditory filters” If 10,000 Hz i the characteristic frequency of a nerve fibre, it will still respond to frequencies a little bit above and below that number.

56
Q

What are the limits of what we dont hear

A

below 20Hz and above 20000 Hz

57
Q

What is a frequency code

A

the auditory nerve also encodes cells depending on how many times it fires for each sound. When an impulse is generated, a single nerve impulse is generated and this is called firing of the nerve. This firing of the nerve also encodes frequency information, according to the frequency of the sound.

58
Q

What is phase locking

A

the chemical process is timed with how the auditory nerve fires. This principle only works for low frequencies because of the refractory period

59
Q

What is transduction

A
  • As the hairs of inner hair cells bend, the voltage of the hair cell changes
  • When the hairs are bent sufficiently in one direction, the voltage realises a neurotransmitter b/w the hair cell and the auditory cell synapse - the auditory nerve fires
  • After firing the auditory nerve fibre has a refractory period of around 1 ms
60
Q

How does coding intensity differ

A

•each nerve has a resting state in which it continuously fires “spontaneous firing rate of a nerve”, it’s only when you hear a sound that the firing rate increases. That’s how they ‘code’ for the sounds.

  • sounds at lower intensity have the high spontaneous rate fibres coding for them. These are the fibres that would increase their firing rate and help code the information.
  • if you have a high sound, you don’t want it to saturate so soon. This is why you have low spontaneous rate fibres.
61
Q

What are our two nerve fibres

A

Low and High spontaneous rates.

Low fires slowly and high fires faster

62
Q

How much can each fibre code for?

A

Between 20-50 dB of change

63
Q

What is a low pass filter

A

Filter allows really low frequencies to get through

64
Q

What is a high pass filter

A

Only allows high pass frequencies to get in

65
Q

What are our auditory filters?

A

Band filters

66
Q

What is a band filter?

A

Allow a band of frequencies to pass through, Have a high cut off frequency and a low.

67
Q

What are the three steps to apply fourier theory?

A
  1. output of filter must not contain any frequency which was not present in input
  2. if amplitude of input is changed by some factor, the output must also change by the same factor
  3. output of A+B+C must be equal to output of (A) + output (B) + output (C)
68
Q

What are filters that violate the three step rule for fourier theory called?

A

Non linear filters

69
Q

What are the reasons that the ear is a fourier analysis?

A
  • it helps break up a complex sound into sine waves - there are auditory filters along the baslar membrane, high frequency sounds responded to by the base & low frequency sounds responded to by the apex
  • responds to amplitude to each of these corresponding sine waves
  • can encode phase information
70
Q

What are the reasons against fourier analysis

A
  • goes against (1) - two tones should result in separate peaks but often the peaks merge (“two tone suppression”)
  • sometimes the ear introduces distortion products - if the ear generates two frequencies close together then the ear will generate extra frequencies (Otoacoustic emissions). These are frequencies that were not generated in the input but occur in the output.
  • violates the role of the outer hair cells. The function of the outer hair cells, it helps to amplify small intensities. If there are sounds that have really low intensities the outer hair help amplify it by their movement & help the encoding to happen.
71
Q

Where do auditory nerve fibres terminate?

A

In the cochlea nucleus

72
Q

Where is the cochlea nucleus located

A

At the brain stem

73
Q

What do binaural neurons do?

A

Help consolidate information from the two ears

74
Q

What does tonotopically organised mean?

A

Organised in terms of sound frequency

75
Q

Where do outer hair cells get their input?

A

From the brain

76
Q

What do outer hair cells do?

A

They help encode information by changing their length and change the attributes of the signal encoding.

77
Q

What is the descending auditory pathway?

A

• descending fibres run from auditory cortex to cochlea, with synapses in reverse order to ascending projections

78
Q

What are efferent pathways and afferent pathways?

A

Efferent pathways helps to encode sound and the afferent pathway negates how the sounds are encoded

Perception (5 decks)

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