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Biology > Week 3 - Biological Macromolecules > Flashcards

Week 3 - Biological Macromolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Dehydration Rxn

A

aka dehydration synthesis; 2 monomers covalently bond together by LOSING A WATER MOLECULE; this rxn requires/stores energy

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2
Q

Hydrolysis Rxn

A

covalent bond in polymer is broken by addition of water molecule; RELEASES energy

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3
Q

Four main types of biological macromolecules

A

Carbs
Lipids
Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)
Proteins

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4
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simplest sugar; monomers of all carbohydrates
Glucose (C6H12O6) is a common monosaccharide know chemical symbol of Glucose
Other examples: fructose, galactose, ribose

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5
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides joined via dehydration rxn (e.g. sucrose)

covalent bond joining the 2 monosaccharides is a glycosidic bond (or linkage)

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6
Q

Polysaccharide

A

polymer of sugar (multiple monosaccharides joined together)

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7
Q

Function of carbs

A

Fuel and building blocks

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8
Q

Starch

A

energy storage of polysaccharides in PLANTS; comprised of monosaccharides

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9
Q

Glycogen

A

energy storage of polysaccharides in ANIMALS; comprised of monosaccharides

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10
Q

Cellulose

A

structural polysaccharide in plants made up of glucose monomers; tough building material for plant cell walls (e.g. celery, give CRUNCH)

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11
Q

Chitin

A

structural polysaccharide in some animals (insects, crustaceans, and some fungi)

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12
Q

Lipids

A

fats, phospholipids, and steroids
Consist mainly of hydrocarbon regions (hydrophobic)
Not macromolecules on their own; no true polymers

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13
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

molecule of hydrogen bonded to carbon ONLY

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14
Q

Fats

A

THREE (3) FA’s attach to ONE glycerol thru dehydration rxns → product is a triacylglycerol (aka triglyceride) Main function = energy storage
Can store lots of energy in SMALL space

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15
Q

triacylglycerol (aka triglyceride)

A

just another name for fats; THREE (3) FA’s attach to ONE glycerol

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16
Q

Steroids

A

lipids that contain Carbon skeleton w/ four (4) fused ring structures; other chem grps may attach to these rings

17
Q

hormones

A

Small signaling molecules that ctrl/regulate body fxns

Cholesterol is a common steroid

18
Q

Phospholipid

A

made up of glycerol attached to 2x FA’s and a phosphate group
have hydrophobic areas (Fatty Acid tails) and hydrophilic areas (phosphate “head” → wants to mix with water) - comprise PM

19
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

hold instructions for building proteins and reproducing life (DNA/RNA)

20
Q

Nucleotide components

A 
Pentose (5 carbon sugar molecule)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base 
- Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (pyrimidines)
- Adenine, Guanine (purines)
21
Q

phosphodiester linkage

A

Bond holding two nucleotides together

22
Q

nitrogenous bases

A

Two types: Pyrimidines and Purines

  • Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (pyrimidines)
  • Adenine, Guanine (purines)
23
Q

Nucleic acids’ structure

A

Adenine-Thymine

Guanine-Cytosine

24
Q

Proteins

A

fxnal molecules composed of amino acid monomers

25
Q

Amino acids

A

Monomer of proteins; 20 types

organic molecule w/ three components

  1. Amino Group
  2. Carboxyl group
  3. Side chain (R group) - varies
26
Q

Polypeptides

A

Polymer of proteins; comprised of amino acids

27
Q

peptide bond

A

Dehydration rxn that joins two aminos with a covalent bond

28
Q

FOUR (4) levels of protein structure

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

29
Q

Protein functions

A

Transportation, immune response, provide structure and many more
Involved in almost EVERY bodily function
Building blocks for cell machinery

30
Q

Enzymes

A

catalyze (accelerate or facilitate) specific chem rxns WITHOUT being used up in the process

31
Q

Protein denaturation

A

loss of shape and function in a protein (e.g. due to heating, like cooking an egg)

Biology (6 decks)

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