Week 2 - Chemical Foundations Of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in an atoms nucleus

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2
Q

Mass number

A

Number of protons AND neutrons in the nucleus (mass number minus atomic number equals number of neutrons)

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3
Q

Matter

A

Has mass and takes up space

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4
Q

Element

A

unique matter form; cannot be broken down further by normal chem rxns

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5
Q

Valence she’ll

A

Outermost electron layer of an atom

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6
Q

Octet rule

A

Most shells want to hold eight electrons (most stable this way) - responsible for chemical bonds

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7
Q

Hydrogen

A

1 proton
1 electron
1 valence electrons
1 bond it wants to form

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8
Q

Carbon (C)

A

6 protons
6 electrons
4 valence electrons
4 bonds it wants to form

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9
Q

Oxygen (O)

A

8 protons
8 electrons (6 valence)
6 bonds it wants to form

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10
Q

Nitrogen (N)

A

7 protons
7 electrons (5 valence)
3 bonds it wants to form

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11
Q

Ions

A

Atoms that have gained or lost electrons

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12
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged atom (lost electrons)

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13
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged atom (gained electrons)

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14
Q

Chemical bonds - 3 types

A

Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen

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15
Q

Covalent bond

A

Atoms SHARE valence electrons

Single covalent - each atom contributes one electron
Double covalent - each atom contributes two electrons

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16
Q

Electronegativity

A

How strongly am atom pulls electrons towards it. Oxygen is very electronegative.

Depends on how many protons the atom has AND how far from those protons the valence electrons are (it’s a balance - more electron shells “shield” the outer electrons from being pulled more)

17
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

Bond has a partial charge due to electronegativity of one of the atoms involved

18
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Form between molecules; partial charge between the atoms due to polar covalent bonds within the molecules themselves.

Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules because oxygen-hydrogen bond is polar covalent due to oxygens greater electronegativity

19
Q

Chemical reactions

A

The making and breaking of chemical bonds

REACTANTS go in, PRODUCTS come out

20
Q

Cohesion (water)

A

Water molecules stick to each other (H bonds)

21
Q

Adhesion

A

Water molecules stick to OTHER molecules (those that have polar covalent bonds)

22
Q

Surface tension

A

Liquids ability to resist force at the interface of liquid and air for example, or another substance interface

23
Q

Specific heat

A

amt of energy needed to raise 1g of water by 1 deg C

Waters is very HIGH - absorbs heat slowly and releases it slowly

24
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

Amt of heat energy needed to turn 1g water into 1g water vapor (gas)

25
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Something that dissolves easily in water (loves water - like dissolves like)

Water is polar and thus dissolves other polar substances

26
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Feat water; don’t dissolve in water (no polar substances like oil and fat)

27
Q

pH scale

A

A scale of acidity vs. alkalinity of a solution (acids are < 7.0, bases are >7.0); measures concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)

28
Q

Base

A

a solution that reduces H+ concentration (“proton receiver”) e.g. sodium hydroxide

29
Q

Acid

A

something that increases H+ concentration (“proton donor”) e.g. hydrochloric acid

30
Q

Important properties of water

A

1) It is POLAR (formed w/ polar covalent bonds and H bonds - partially charged intermolecular bonds)
2) EXPANDS in solid state (ice)
3) RESISTANT to temp change - high specific heat (insulative)
4) COOLS via evaporative cooling mechanism

31
Q

CHO CHO CHON CHONP

A

Carbs - CHO → Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Lipids - CHO → Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Proteins - CHON → Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Nucleic Acids - CHONP → Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus