week 3 begrippen

Question 1

political culture

Answer 1

the pattern of attitudes, values and beliefs about politics, whether they are conscious or unconscious, explicit or implicit.

Question 2

values

Answer 2

basic ethical or moral priorities that contain and give shape to individual attitudes and beliefs

Question 3

political identity

Answer 3

the way in which people label themselves as belonging to a particular group

Question 4

political socialization

Answer 4

the process by which individuals acquire their political values, attitudes and habits

Question 5

political orientation

Answer 5

a predisposition or propensity to view politics in a certain way

Question 6

3 sorts of political orientation

Answer 6

1. Cognitive: knowledge and understanding of the political system
2. Affective: citizens must believe politics/ participation is important
3. Evaluative: to know how to participate, citizens have to evaluate
   the system: should it be supported/ reformed?

Question 7

Subjective or internal efficacy:

Answer 7

the extent to which ordinary citizens feel that they can make their views and actions count in the political system.

Question 8

System or external efficacy:

Answer 8

the extent to which ordinary citizens feel that political leaders and institutions are responsive to their wishes.

Question 9

civic culture

Answer 9

the term used by almond and verba to signify the balance of subject and participant political cultures that best supports democracy

Question 10

political alienation

Answer 10

a feeling of detachment, estrangement, or critical distance from politics, often because alienated feel there is something basically wrong with the political system.

Question 11

cognitive mobilistation

Answer 11

the process by which increasing knowledge and understanding of the world helps to activate people to play a part in in

Question 12

political elite

Answer 12

the relatively small number of people at the top of a political system who exercise disproportionate influence or power over political decisions

Question 13

reinforced cleavages

Answer 13

cleavages that are laid on top of the other, making them potentially more important.

Question 14

cross-cutting cleavages

Answer 14

cleavages that are laid across one another, thereby reducing their capacity to divide.

Question 15

centre-periphery cleavage

Answer 15

the political cleavage between the social and political forces responsible for creating centralised and modern nation-states, and other interests, usually on the periphery of the state, which resisted this process. Often geographical.

Question 16

political behavior

Answer 16

all political activities of citizens, including sporadic political activity, inactivity and behaviour with indirect political consequences.

Question 17

Level of political participation of Western democracies:

Answer 17

• Gladiators: leaders and activists running parties
• Spectators: not engaged except for voting and reading news
• Apathetics: inactive, do not vote

Question 18

slacktivism

Answer 18

the act of showing support for a cause that requires minimal personal effort, and has little effect.

Question 19

Reasons why people are inactive politically:

Answer 19

• Marginals: political marginality: being on the fringes of politics
  and therefore having little influence
• Conflict avoiders
• Alienated: believe they have no influence in the system
• Loss of political salience: salient: something that is relatively
  important, significant or prominent in people’s minds.
• Apathetic: simply not interested in politics

Question 20

doorstep response

Answer 20

where those with no opinion or information respond to polls and surveys with the first thing that comes into their head

Question 21

low information rationality

Answer 21

where citizens without a great deal of factual political information have a broad enough grasp of the main issues to make up their mind about them, or else they take cues from sources they trust (‘gut rationality’).

Question 22

status

Answer 22

a form of social stratification determined by social prestige rather than economic factors or occupation. At their simplest, class is determined by wealth and income, status by such things as social backgrounds, accents, dress, manners and interests.

Question 23

socio-economic status (SES)

Answer 23

a combination of class (how people make their money) and status (how people spend their money) to form a single measure of social stratification.

Question 24

issue publics

Answer 24

groups of people who are particularly interested in one political issue (or more), are well informed and likely to take action about it.

Question 25

ecological fallacy

Answer 25

drawing false inferences about individuals from valid evidence about groups.

Question 26

psychological fallacy

Answer 26

drawing false inferences about groups from valid observations about individuals who are members of those groups

Question 27

pocket book voting

Answer 27

deciding which party to vote for om the basis of economic self-interst

Question 28

socio-tropic voting

Answer 28

deciding which party to vote for on the basis of general social or economic circumstances

Question 29

interest groups

Answer 29

sometimes known as sectional groups, interest groups are the type of pressure groups that represent occupational interests – business and professional associations and trade unions.

Question 30

cause groups

Answer 30

sometimes known as promotional or attitude groups, cause groups are a type of pressure group that do not represent organised occupational interests, but promote causes, policies or issues of their own.

Question 31

pressure groups

Answer 31

private and voluntary organisations that try to influence or control government policies but do not want to become the government. It is a general term to refer to cover interest groups and cause groups. They are sometimes referred to as advocacy groups, campaign groups or lobby group

Question 32

3 main types of pressure groups

Answer 32

1. episodic groups: groups that are not usually politically active but become so when need arises.
2. Fire brigade groups: groups formed to fight a specific issue, and dissolved when it is over.
3. Political groups: engage in politics and to influence a wide range of public policies.

Question 33

aligned groups:

Answer 33

pressure groups that lay themselves with a political party, the best examples being the trade union and left parties, and business organizations and right parties

Question 34

new social movements

Answer 34

loosely knit organisations (networks of networks) that try to influence government policy on broad issues, including the environment, nuclear energy and nuclear weapons, economic development, peace, women and minorities.

Question 35

insider groups

Answer 35

pressure groups with access to senior government officials, often recognised as the only legitimate representatives of particular interests and often formally incorporated into the official consultative bodies.

Question 36

outsider groups

Answer 36

groups with no access to top government officials

Question 37

umbrella organization

Answer 37

association of associations that coordinates the activity of their members organizations

Question 38

corporatism

Answer 38

a way of organising public policy making involving the close cooperation of major economic interests within a formal government apparatus that is capably of concerting the main economic groups so that they can jointly formulate and implement binding policies.

Question 39

tri-partism

Answer 39

looser and less centralized system of decision-making than corporatism involving close government consultation - often with business and trade union organizations

Question 40

policy communities

Answer 40

small, stable and consensual groupings of government officials and pressure group representatives that form around particular issue areas.

Question 41

policy networks

Answer 41

compared with policy communities, policy networks are larger, looser networks that gather around a policy area.

Question 42

iron triangles

Answer 42

the close, three-sides working relationship between (1) government departments and ministries (2) pressure groups (3) politicians, that makes public policy in a given area.

Question 43

pluralist democracy

Answer 43

a democratic system where political decisions are the outcome of the conflict and competition between many different groups.

Question 44

mass society

Answer 44

a society without a plurality of organised social groups and interests, whose mass of isolated and uprooted individuals are not integrated into the community and who are therefore vulnerable to the appeals and manipulations of extremist and anti-democratic elites.