Week 3: Antenatal Development and Birth Flashcards

Question

Newborn Reflexes

Answer 1

* Reflex: An inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation. * Some reflexes have a survival value or function i.e. the newborn isn't helpless * Other reflexes form the basis for complex motor skills that will develop later. * Testing reflexes carefully can reveal the health of a baby’s nervous system

Answer 2

-Breathing reflex -Eye blink reflex -Rooting reflex -> critical, touch cheek, will turn head and open mouth in preparation for nursing -Sucking reflex then takes over from rooting when baby is contact with breast/ bottle, will slowly gain control of over first year -Swallowing reflex when liquid is placed in mouth, slow to start a pro by 6 weeks -Stepping reflex -> in first 2 months, precursor to walking -Babinski reflex -> toes fan out and curl when bottom of foot is stroked -Grasping reflex or palmer grasp when pressure is placed on babies hand, could hold body weight for a few seconds -Moro reflex -> when startled/ dropped arms go out as if grasping for support

Answer 3

-Breathing -Eye blink -Rooting -Sucking -Swallowing -Moro? -> survival in primitive times i.e. needed to grip onto mother when walking for long distance in order to remain secure Even if reflex is not survival reflex can still be useful to assess neurological conditions e.g. babinski

Answer 4

-3 weeks for rooting (becomes voluntary head turning at this time) -4 months for sucking as replaced by voluntary sucking age of disappearance can be useful to look at becomes retained reflexes beyond the age of disappears can be a sign of problem

Answer 5

Regular, or NREM, sleep 8–9 hours Irregular, or REM, sleep 8–9 hours Drowsiness Varies Quiet alertness 2–3 hours Waking activity & crying 1–4 hours Suggests new borns are asleep more than awake

Answer 6

ID - we are born with, source of our basic biological needs and desires

Answer 7

During REM (rapid eye movement) sleep: * Gentle limb movements, occasional stirring, and facial grimacing occur. Although the eyelids are closed, occasional rapid eye movements can be seen beneath them. Breathing is irregular. - The stimulation that REM sleep provides a baby is thought to be essential for the growth of their central nervous system. -Sleep patterns have implications for early motor, cognitive and language development

Answer 8

Gross motor skills: -Involve large muscles and whole body or limb movements. E.g.crawling, standing, and walking. * Fine motor skills -Involve precise movements of the hands and fingers, or feet and toes. E.g. grasping and picking up small items. Enables children to engage with things in the environment which then effects cognitive + social development

Answer 9

An organised pattern of physical growth and motor control that proceeds from the head (cephalic region) to the tail (caudal region). E.g. learning to keep head up (6 weeks), to torso (2 months) to legs (8 months)

Answer 10

An organised pattern of physical growth and motor control that proceeds from the centre (or proximal region) of the body to the extremities (or the distal regions). e.g. head/ central movement before hand movement (grasping at 3 months)

Answer 11

-The group studied e.g. certain cultures like indigenous australians achieved walking sitting, standing, walking earlier than non-indigenous australians. Could be due to value of independence, handling strategies i.e. encouraged to walk earlier, connection to land/ exploration of nature

Answer 12

Vernix develops to prevent chafing of embryonic fluid against skin of developing baby (sticky white grease ) Laungo develops (white downy hair to allow vernix to stick). Associated with second trimester

Answer 13

"A theory of how motor skills develop and are coordinated” * A theory that views new motor skills as reorganisations of previously mastered skills, which lead to more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment. Use sensory feedback to modify their behaviour Each new skill is a joint product of: 1. Central nervous system development 2. The body’s movement capacities 3. The goals (motivation) the child has in mind, and 4. The environmental supports for the skill (e.g. stairs in the home drives need to get up and down them)

Answer 14

Failure to even get into position (head heavy, face plant) Shuffling - might go backwards and forwards Army crawl Then starting to crawl wobbly (up on hands and knees) Until pro-> cross motor skills , getting faster Each new skill is a joint product of: 1. Central nervous system development i.e. to coordinate movement, improve with practice 2. The body’s movement capacities 3. The goals (motivation) the child has in mind i.e. they want to crawl, it's easy to get around and get things 4. The environmental supports for the skill i.e. hard floors versus soft floors

Answer 15

Pre-reaching (0–3 months)= Infants make uncoordinated, reflexive arm movements toward objects but lack precise control. Movements are often triggered by visual or tactile stimuli but do not successfully grasp objects. This stage is largely driven by innate reflexes rather than intentional control. Reaching (3–6 months and beyond) = Infants develop intentional, coordinated movements to extend their arms toward objects. They begin to visually guide their hands and refine their motor control. Fist still closed Ulnar grasp (4-5 months) - all fingers together clasping against palm. Not very precise but allows the movement of things from hand to hand although a bit clumpsy Pincer grasp - thumb and forefinger/ any finger -> reliability in place by the time the baby turns 1 (but can be present from as early as 5 months). Greatly increases babies ability to manipulate things, fine motor skills etc.

Answer 16

Proximodistal: Because the development that we have just discussed involves infants progressing from controlling their arms, to having control of their hands, and finally their fingers

Answer 17

-Sensitivity to touch present form birth -Newborns are sensitive to pain -Newborns respond reflexively to touch on the mouth, palms, the soles of their feet -Sensitivity to tactile stimulation develops in a head to toe or cephalocaudal direction (makes sense because mouth/ face needs to be developed for feeding, and why often put things in mouth to explore)

Answer 18

Vision is the least well developed sense at birth. * A newborn’s visual acuity is 40 times worse than that of an adult. * Objects appear blurry to young infants unless they are about 20 cm from the face (optimum feeding distance) OR are bold patterns, with sharp light, dark contrasts. * Newborns are able to see colours (previously people thought could only see in black and white) * At between 6 months and a year of age, infants are able to see as well as adults

Answer 19

* A newborn’s hearing is better developed than their vision -> because it is really important! also important socially * From approximately 3 months before birth, fetuses can hear some of what is going on outside the womb. * Research has indicated that babies might be able to recognise sounds that they heard earlier in the womb.

Answer 20

A type of waiata through which whakapapa and iwi histories were shared with babies while they grew in the womb