Week 3 - ADR/SE/Types Flashcards
Types of Medication Effects
- Therapeutic Effect
2. Secondary Effects
Therapeutic Effect
Effect wanted to be done - done by the main ingredient
Seconary Effects
Different terminology - may be beneficial - may not be beneficial or even unexpected
ex: Sedation/Drowsiness from Benadryl
ADR
Adverse drug effect
any unintended or undesirable consequence of drug therapy
What is the difference between side effect and ADR
SE tends to be used for expected non-emergency things, while ADR is for more emergency
However, in this class it is used interchangeable
Predictable Variables that influence drug action and also ADRs
Sex Age Body Mass Environment Genetics Pathologic State Psych Factors Chronobiology Pregnancy and Lactation Drug Administration Factors
There are higher numbers of ADR in ___ and why?
females
This could be reported incidence, but also the hx of drug testing was always on men not women - so there was underrepresentation occurring
Why does age influence ADRs and drug action in Geriatrics
- Decreased GI Absorption as we age
- Blood flow increased to brain and heart; decreased to kidney (excretion) and liver (metabolism)
- Change in plasma proteins (less inactivated = more free drug); increased fat%; decreased metabolism
- Many diseases common to elderly are treated with drugs
Why does age influence ADRs and drug action in Children
- Children have numerous peculiar ADRs as well as predicted ones*
1. Liver and kidney not yet mature
2. Decreased protein stores in general
3. Weight and fat distribution varies among children
Why is body mass more important than weight when it comes to drugs
because it tells compositions - obese, thin, muscular but weight does not tell fat and muscle distribution
In what ways is body mass influencing ADRs and drug action
- Nutritional state will affect drug action - proteins are important!!!
- Dosages get suggested based on an “average”
- Body surface area is important
What is the most accurate way to decide dosage in children
Body Surface Area - they have large skin SA to size
What sort of environmental factors influence drug action and ADRs
physical - altitude, light, temperature, stress
chemical - O2 tension, pollution, climate, diet
What sort of factors are impacted by environment predictable factors
blood flow
hepatic renal and gastric function
How does genetics impact drug action and ADRs
PROBABLE susceptibility to ADRs is partially geneticall induced
ex: penicillin allergies, anesthesia
partial influence on ADR
WHy can pathologic state influence ADR and drug action
disease states can alter pharmacokinetics and responses; liver working, kidney working, heart pumping? etc
How does psychological factors impact drug action
symbolic meaning is very powerful
ex: Placebo
Chronobiology
study of the rhythms in biologic phenomena
If we look at body rhythms and correlate with drug and kinetics the body may become more responsive to different drugs at different times of day (ex: steroids have natural increase during pre-dawn time due to stimulation by liver)
Basically some things work better at different times of day
How is drug action and ADRs influenced by pregnancy and lactation
physical changes will induce altered response to some drugs in pregnant women
Also, infants are exposed to a wide variet of food and medications - and breast milk can also hold these things - and dependency can start in the fetus
Immune system lowers during pregnancy
What sort of drug administration factors influence ADRs and drug action
Amount of Drug Route Bioavailability Degree of Exposure Mult. Drug Therapy Drug Interactions
How is topical medication an example of how route can influence ADRs
topical drugs have high sensitization - can cause sensitivity where at first you do not see a problem but over time you become more sensitive and notice effects like a rash or redness when using
How is parenteral medication an example of how route can influence ADRs
Anything injected or IV
More severe reactions can be seen this way
Less than 30% of drugs have the first pass
Bioavailability
Drugs vary in ingredients and from process of drug manufacture - so secondary ingredient influences can influence drug action
Degree of Exposure
SE: more likely with higher dose and prolonged administration - so you want to start at hte lowest amount for the shortest amount of time and adjust from there
ex: Ibuprofen if taken once in a while is ok, but 4 times a day leads to increased risk for GI bleeding and ulceration
What sort of things can interact with drugs
lab tests
foods
diseases
other drugs
Rest and Digest system
PNS
Fight or Flight system
SNS
Summation Drug Interactions/Actions
(additive) 2 or more drugs added together - give double/added effect
Synergism Drug Interactions/Actions
two drugs, but causes a GREATER EFFECT THAN EXPECTED from the 2 drugs
Potentiative Drug Interactions/Actions
intensify effects og drug (positive or negative) - used interchangeably with synergism
But it can be used for positive OR negative effects not just positive
Antagonism Drug INnteractions/Actions
effect is decreased or blocked when two drugs are given - one blocks effect
Cumulation Drug Interactions/Actions
body cannot metabolize one dose of a drug before another dose is administered
drugs are excreted slower than absorbed - so they accumulate over time
Tolerance
Decreased physical response to repeated adminsitration of a drug
You respond less to medication doses than you used to (ex: opioid for pain relief needs more for the same response)
Dependence
Reliance on drugs to maintain state of well being
WHO recommends this term rather than using addiction and habituation
Involves mental and emotional factors on top of physical - which is different than tolerance which is just physical ones
No drug is totally safe …
and absolutely free of toxic effects
Side effects are often ___
predictable
Black Box Warnings
strongest safety warning a drug can carry - has to do with FDA labelling requirements, and they are significant and people should be aware of them before taking a drug
OTCs can even have this - serious and common enough ADRs would occur that the public needs to know
Adverse Drug Reactions
one way to characterize drug responses that have NOT been optimally, clearly, or distinctly defined
__-__% of ADRs are predictable and __-__% are not predictable (suprising and unknown); allergy and idiosyncrasy
70-80% predictable; 20-30% non-predictable
Predictable Drug Reactions
Often an extension of the action of a drug
documented in testing of the drug
Iatrogenic Disease
Iatro = Physician’ Genic = Produce
It is a disease occurring as a result of care, treatment, or medication result - will look like a real condition but is due to a medication (or other treatment)
a specific predicatable reaction to medicaiton oftentimes
What are some of the adverse effects caused unintentionally/iatrogenically that we will need to treat despite predicting them due to medications
Blood Dycrasias (Agranulocytosi, thrombocytopenia)
Hepatic Toxicity (hepatisi - inflamed liver)
Renal Damage (glomerular)
Teratogenic Effects (malformation in fetus)
Dermatologic Effects
Ocular Effects
Sexual Dysfunction
What sort of iatrogenic conditions can ASA and steroids cause
gastric and blood ulcers
ASA
aspirin
What sort of iatrogenic conditions can oral contraceptives cause
thrombi/emboli (blood clots)
Carcinogenic Effects
cancer causing effects
chemo meds can even cause this
What are 2 types of non predictable suprising responses to medication
- Drug allergy (could be allergic to one person but not another)
- Idiosyncracy
Idiosyncracy Effect
any abnormal or peculiar response to a drug
generally thought to result from genetic enzymatic deficiencies that lead to abnormal mechanisms of metabolized drugs
What sort of things does ANS control
heart
secretory glands
saliva
sweat
gastric and bronchial
smooth muscle like blood vessels, bronchi, GI, GU
Principal Functions of PNS
slow heart rate
increased gastric secretion
emptying bladder
emptying bowels (Cleaning out the system)
focus eye for near vision
constriction of pupil
contract bronchial smooth muscle (narrower airways)
rest and digest
Principal Functions of SNS
regulate CV system (increase HR and BP)
dilate bronchi
dilate pupils
mobilize stored energy
shunt blood to skeletal muscles
regulate body temperature
fight or flight
What is not a part of ANS
skeletal muscles
75% of PNS fibers leave the CNS via the ___ cranial nerve (___)
10th - Vagus
Vasovagal response drops things
Major NTs
Acetylcholine (ACh)
EP
NEP
Dopamine
How do skeletal muscle innervation differ from PNS and SNS innervation
they do secrete NTs, but the synapse axons directly with skeletal muscle neuromuscular junction - and have no ganglion (so its just one neuron)