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Brain & Behavior Ultra Forgetables > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

Cochlear canal containing organ of corti

A

Endolymph containing scala media (High K+ concentration)

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2
Q

K+ mediated action potential?

A

Inner hair cells from organ of corti

Influx of K+ from endolymph during stereocillia displacement

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3
Q

First auditory nucleus with biaural input

A

Superior olivary nucleus (think MSO, LSO); binaural input via trapezoid bodies

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4
Q

Organization, functional sig, location of primary auditory cortex

A

Heschel’s gyrus (insula)
Core, belt, parabelt
Tonotopic organization only in core

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5
Q

Superior olivary nucleus (location and functional significance)

A

Located in brainstem (pons level)

Computes interaural level or time differences (ILD, ITD)

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6
Q

Olfaction primary cortex location

A

Piriform cortex, uncus (medial anterior brain)

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7
Q

Cyclic nucleotide gated channel (CNG)

A

Found in OSN (olfactory) neurons; Responds to cAMP levels by opening Na/Ca channel –> depolarization

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8
Q

What type of receptor are the odarant receptor on olfactory sensory neurons (OSN)

A

GPCR - G(olf)

Acitvate adenylyl cyclase

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9
Q

Olfactory cells that project to primary olfactory cortex

A

Mitral/tuft cells project from glomeruli to piriform cortex (uncus)

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10
Q

Gustatory relay to the cortex

A

Solitary nucleus (VII, IX, X input) gives off axons to VPM of thalamus –> cortex

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11
Q

Two systems with “labeled line code”

A
  • Auditory system: cochlea basilar membrane hair cell location correlates with frequency
  • Taste: location in taste bud distinguishes type of tastant
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12
Q

Insula contains primary sensory cortex for which two sensory modalities

A

Auditory (via Heschel’s gyrus)

Taste as well

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13
Q

TRPM5 channel

A

Ion channel important downstream target of GPCR for sweet, umami, and bitter taste modalities

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14
Q

Type of movements mediated by superior colliculus

A

Rapid (reflexive) saccades

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15
Q

Type of movements mediated by frontal eye fields

A

Voluntary eye saccades

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16
Q

Vestibular organs detecting linear acceleration

A

Utricle & sacculus

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17
Q

Direction of nystagmus in left angular rotation of semicircular canals

A

Left nystagmus

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18
Q

Normal gain of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)

A

G= -1

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19
Q

cGMP role in a sensory system

A

-Visual system, light transduction in cones/rods

-

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20
Q

Explain horizontal cells in retina

A
  • Found in outerplexiform layer
  • Connects same type of bipolar cells (OFF or ON) near each other
  • Antagonistic actions (when stimulus is the same light/dark in adjacent area)
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21
Q

First place of action potential in visual transduction

A
  • At level of ganglion cell

- Rods/cones don’t communicate with bipolar cells via action potentials (per se)

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22
Q

Primary sensory cortex for following modalities: Taste, smell, auditory, vestibular (cerebellar region)

A

Taste - Insula (Gustatory cortex)
Smell - Piriform cortex (uncus)
Auditory - Insula (Heschel’s gyrus)
Vestibular - Floculus

23
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

Found in thalamus, receives input from optic tracts, mediates circadian rhythms

24
Q

Degree of binocular overlap in 180 degree field of vision

A

Middle 120 degrees

25
Q

Explanation for Kaniza triangle illusion via visual system anatomy

A

Lateral excitatory connections in cortical layers II/III of V1. Connections are excitatory and between cells with same orientation selectivity

26
Q

V2 area where M-cell pathway projects

A

Thick stripes

27
Q

Akinotopsia lesion site

A

MT

28
Q

Achromatopsia lesion site

A

V4

29
Q

Color constancy problem

A

Maintaining sense of color of an object regardless of quality/composition of ambient light; V4 adjusts for different lighting effects

30
Q

Aperture problem

A

Difficult to detect movement direction of an object when looking through a single aperture (receptive field); MT integrates fields

31
Q

End point of ventral/what pathway

A

Inferior temporal cortex

32
Q

End point of dorsal/where pathway

A

Posterior parietal cortex

33
Q

Most common cause of a bitemporal hemiapnosia

A

Optic chiasm compression mediated by a pituitary adenoma

34
Q

Localization of alexia w/o agraphia syndrome

A

Left occipital lobe lesion affecting splenium of corpus callosum

35
Q

Stroke territory causing hemi-achromatopsia

A
  • PCA territory affecting lingual & fusiform gyrus of occipital lobe
  • Loss of color vision due to damage to V4 (what pathway)
36
Q

Three symptoms of Balint’s syndrome

A

Bilateral parietal lobe damage causing

Simultagnosia, optic ataxia, ocular ataxia

37
Q

Ocular ataxia

A

Inability to move eyes under visual guidance

*Associated with Balint’s

38
Q

Optic ataxia

A

Inability to reach under visual guidance

*Associated with Balint’s

39
Q

Difference between dysmetria and optic ataxia

A

Optic ataxia patients can’t reach their hand to the doctor’s target;
Dysmetria patients take a circuitous route to the doctor’s finger

40
Q

Isolated repetition aphasia and lesion localization

A

Conduction aphasia

Arcuate fasciculus lesion

41
Q

Apraxia vs. ataxia and associated brain regions

A
  • Apraxia - Motor planning disorder: inability to execute learned purposeful movements (left parietal lobe lesion)
  • Ataxia - Lack of coordination of movements (cerebellar damage)
42
Q

Testing for apraxia

A

Ask to pantomime some complex action; inability to plan out and execute a movement (e.g. pretend using a hammer) suggests left parietal lesion mediated apraxia

43
Q

4 Symptoms of Gerstmann’s syndrome

A
  • Left parietal lobe damage

- Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia (inability to distinguish or name fingers), R/L confusion

44
Q

Somatophrenia

A
  • Patient complains left side limbs don’t belong to them

- Severe neglect from right parietal lesion

45
Q

Capgrass and Fregoli syndrome lesion localizations

A 
Perirhinal cortex (input to hippocampus)
Capgrass is loss of familiarity, Fregoli is the opposite
46
Q

Ribot’s law

A

Graded retrograde memory loss

Suggests role of consolidation

47
Q

Two histological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease

A 
Amyloid plagues (extracellular)
Neurofibrillary tangles (intracellular)
48
Q

Scopolamine

A
  • Blocks ACh

- Wreaks havoc on Alzheimer’s disease patients by inhibiting ACh delivery from basal forebrain

49
Q

Common Alzheimer’s treatment

A

ACh esterase inhibitors –> increases ACh available from basal forebrain diffuse projections

50
Q

pCREB

A

Important gene for LTP long term effects

51
Q

Schaffer collaterals (location, experimental uses & significance)

A

Connect CA3 - CA1 in hippocampus

Used to study LTP

52
Q

Physiological mediator of long term potentiation (LTP)

A

Insertion of AMPA receptors into post-synaptic neuron memebrane (in response to NMDA mediated Ca influx)

53
Q

Two main histological symptoms found in fronto-temporal dementia

A

Tau protein aggregates

TDP-43 aggregates

54
Q

Clinical disease that can present with hallucinations and RBD (violent flailing during REM sleep; acting out dreams)

A

Dementia with Lewy Bodies (counterintuitive b/c RBD sounds hyperkinetic and Parkinson’s is hypokinetic)

Brain & Behavior Ultra Forgetables (3 decks)

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