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Brain & Behavior Ultra Forgetables > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Brainstem area particularly susceptible to multiple sclerosis (MS) and neurosyphillis

A

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF)

-Bilateral INO with lateral gaze palsy is thus possible

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2
Q

Two eye muscles with contralateral innervation

A
  • Superior oblique – CN IV only fully crossed cranial nerve

- Superior rectus – CN III fibers to superior rectus come from contralateral side

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3
Q

Two functions of Edinger-Westphal Nucleus

A
  • Pupillary constriction

- Near response

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4
Q

Cranial nerves with parasymp fibers from parasymp column of nuclei?

A

CN III (Edinger-Westphall), VII (superior salivatory), IX (Inferior salivatory), X (Dorsal motor)

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5
Q

Sole purpose of inferior salivatory nucleus (and associated cranial nerve)

A

Parasympathetic innervation of parotid gland via CN IX

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6
Q

Nucleus oralis

A

Most rostral subdivision of spinal nucleus of CN V. Receives face touch information

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7
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter acting on central pattern generators in ficitive locomotion

A

Serotonin & NMDA

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8
Q

Location of CPG neurons in brainstem

A

Intermediate zone

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9
Q

Initiating nucleus for locomotion? Location?

A

Mesencephalic locomotor regions (MLR) located just below inferior colliculus; Projects to reticular formation

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10
Q

Tract responsible for initiating locomotion

A

Reticulospinal tract

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11
Q

3 properties of thalamic cells in burst mode (sleep)

A

1) Oscillations (pacemaker-type potential)
2) Cortex synchrony (evoke delta waves in cortex)
3) Unreliable responses (long refractory periods)

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12
Q

Physiological reason for thalamic cells entering burst/phasic mode

A

T-type calcium channels released from inactivation by hyperpolarization.

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13
Q

Feedback cerebellar pathway

A

Vermis & paravermis acting on muscles via vestibulospinal pathway.
Receives input from dorsal spinocerebellar pathway

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14
Q

Feedforward cerebellar pathway

A 
Lateral hemispheres (dentate nucleus) projecting back to motor cortex to predict necessary adjustments.
Receives inputs from motor cortex as well
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15
Q

alpha-synuclein, lewy bodies

A

Aggregates found in Parkinson’s disease

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16
Q

Bradykinesia

A
  • Slow initiation of movements (due to inhibition of thalamus)
  • Present in Parkinson’s
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17
Q

Rest tremor

A

Parkinson’s (hypokenetic)

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18
Q

Postural tremor

A

Essential tremor (hyperkinetic)

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19
Q

Increased output of basal ganglia (increased inhibition of thalamus)

A

Parkinson’s disease (hypokinetic)

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20
Q

Decreased output of basal ganglia (decreased inhibition of thalamus)

A

Huntington’s disease

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21
Q

Athetosis

A
  • Slow, writhing movements

- Huntington’s Disease

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22
Q

Chorea associated with

A

Huntington’s (hyperkinetic)

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23
Q

SNc effect on direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways

A

Inhibits indirect pathway; stimulates direct pathway

24
Q

Huntington’s pathophysiology

A

Loss of GABA-ergic striatum neurons to GPe; Results in releasing thalamus from inhibition and hyperkinetic symptoms

25
Q

Ballism

A
  • Form of chorea with predominant proximal extremity large-amplitude jerking or flinging movement
  • Hemiballism can occur with STN lesion
26
Q

Dystonia

A

Sustained muscle contraction usually producing twisting movements or abnormal postures that are patterned and usually directional
*Associated with Parkinson’s

27
Q

Micrographia common symptom of

A

Parkinson’s (hypokinetic)

*Shaky-graphia would suggest Essential Tremor (hyperkinetic)

28
Q

Relay point in thalamus for dentate nucleus fibers headed to cortex.
(cerebellum, corticocerebellar, feedforward pathway)

A

SCP fibers from cerebellum go to VL of thalamus!

29
Q

Dissociating pain from affect of pain. Brain regions responsible?

A

Anterior cingulate cortex: affect

Primary somatosensory: pain itself

30
Q

Titubation

A

truncal ataxia from midline cerebellar damage

31
Q

Dysmetria

A

Finger to nose test failure

-Damage to cerebellar hemispheres

32
Q

Dysdiadochokinesis

A

impairment in executing rapidly alternating movements; Sign of cerebellar hemisphere damage

33
Q

3 main ways to distinguish sensory from cerebellar ataxias

A

1) Romberg test: patient will fall over when closing eyes in sensory ataxia
2) Dysarthria present in cerebellar but not sensory ataxias
3) Loss of vibration & touch sense in sensory ataxia (dorsal columns)

34
Q

Lenticulostriate arteries (origin, destination, clinical syndrome)

A

Originate off of MCA, penetrate to deep brain structures (basal ganglia, internal capsule, thalamus). Cause lacunar strokes

35
Q

PICA occlusion

A
  • Wallenberg syndrome

- Affects dorsal-lateral brainstem nuclei at level of medulla (horner’s, spinothalamic, ataxia, vertigo, etc)

36
Q

Three common vascular syndromes and associated levels

A
  • Weber (Medial midbrain syndrome): Midbrain CN III level
  • Pontine (Locked-in) syndrome: Mid-pons level (basilar artery)
  • Wallenberg (Lateral medullary) syndrome: rostral medulla
37
Q

Two causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

1) Berry aneurysm (branch points in circle of willis)

2) Arteriovenous malformations (AVM

38
Q

Hypertension, hypertension, hypertension?!

A

Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms: microscopic aneurysms in microvessels; Cause intracerebral hemorrhage

39
Q

Two physiologic functions mediated by Edinger-Westphal nucleus

A

Near accomodation (often preserved), pupillary constriction (often first to be damaged)

40
Q

Anisocoria

A

Unequal pupil size

41
Q

3rd order Horner’s syndrome localization

A

Somewhere between superior cervical ganglion and eyeball;

Carotid dissection!

42
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Pharmacologically constricts pupil

43
Q

Purpose of middle ear

A

Amplification of sound pressure waves to transmit to fluid filled cochlea (overcomes medium transfer effects)

44
Q

Presbycusis and anatomical location

A

Loss of high frequency sounds with age

Base of basilar membrane (near oval window)

45
Q

3 main ways to distinguish sensory from cerebellar ataxias

A

1) Romberg test: patient will fall over when closing eyes in sensory ataxia
2) Dysarthria present in cerebellar but not sensory ataxias
3) Loss of vibration & touch sense in sensory ataxia (dorsal columns)

46
Q

Lenticulostriate arteries (origin, destination, clinical syndrome)

A

Originate off of MCA, penetrate to deep brain structures (basal ganglia, internal capsule, thalamus). Cause lacunar strokes

47
Q

PICA occlusion

A
  • Wallenberg syndrome

- Affects dorsal-lateral brainstem nuclei at level of medulla (horner’s, spinothalamic, ataxia, vertigo, etc)

48
Q

Three common vascular syndromes and associated levels

A
  • Weber (Medial midbrain syndrome): Midbrain CN III level
  • Pontine (Locked-in) syndrome: Mid-pons level (basilar artery)
  • Wallenberg (Lateral medullary) syndrome: rostral medulla
49
Q

Two causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

1) Berry aneurysm (branch points in circle of willis)

2) Arteriovenous malformations (AVM

50
Q

Hypertension, hypertension, hypertension?!

A

Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms: microscopic aneurysms in microvessels; Cause intracerebral hemorrhage

51
Q

Two physiologic functions mediated by Edinger-Westphal nucleus

A

Near accomodation, pupillary constriction

52
Q

Anisocoria

A

Unequal pupil size

53
Q

3rd order Horner’s syndrome localization

A

Somewhere between superior cervical ganglion and eyeball;

Carotid dissection!

54
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Pharmacologically constricts pupil

55
Q

Purpose of middle ear

A

Amplification of sound pressure waves to transmit to fluid filled cochlea (overcomes medium transfer effects)

56
Q

Presbycusis and anatomical location

A

Loss of high frequency sounds with age

Base of basilar membrane (near oval window)

Brain & Behavior Ultra Forgetables (3 decks)

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