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Motor Learning > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Receives and sends messages (impulses) throughout the nervous system

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2
Q

What are the classifications of neutrons?

A

Afferent (sensory)
- From senses towards the CNS

Efferent (motor)
-From CNS to effectors (muscles etc)

Interneurons
- Forms connections between neurons

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3
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Junction between 2 neurons

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4
Q

What are the 4 steps of a synaptic transition?

A
  1. Action potential reaches axon terminal
    2 Synaptic vessels release chemical transmitter (acetylcholine)
  2. Chemical crosses a synaptic space
  3. Chemical enters receptor sites on dendrite
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5
Q
  1. What is the resting membrane potential or polarisation of a neuron?
  2. What is the depolarisation or action potential of a neuron?
    Both in mV
A
  1. -70mV

2. 30mV

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6
Q

What are refractory periods?

A

Absolute refractory period
- Impossible to evoke another action potential

Relative refractory period
- Need stronger than normal stimulus to evoke AP

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7
Q

Name 2 facts about the neuron

A
  • Action potential lasts approx. 1msec

- There is a minimum threshold for an action potential

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8
Q

What determines the speed of a synaptic transmission?

A
  1. Cross section diameter
    - Larger=faster
  2. Myelinated vs non myelinated
    - Myelinated=faster

Note: Size and myelination developed in relation to urgency of info

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9
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

Connection between nerve and skeletal muscle

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of motor neurons?

A
  1. Alpha (skeletomotor)
    - Innervates large musculoskeletal fibres
  2. Gamma (fusiform)
    - Innervates small specialised muscle fibres (muscle spindle)
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11
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor neuron and the muscle fibres it Innervates

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12
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nerve fibres that enter or leave the brain stem and spinal cord and Innervate the sensory receptors, muscles and glands

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13
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the PNS and what do they do?

A
  1. Somatic PNS
    - Controls skeletal muscles
  2. Autonomic PNS
    - Control heart, smooth muscles and glands.
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14
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

The brain and the spinal cord.

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15
Q

What is the brain stem responsible for?

A

Many involuntary, autonomic and metabolic function (eg HR), orienting reflex, novel responses to stimuli that involves head turning, eye movements and postural adjustments.

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16
Q

What is the medulla oblongata responsible for?

A
  • Transmits sensory and motor information to and from the brain to muscles and glands
  • Provides regulation of vital processes (autonomic NS)
17
Q

What is the Pons responsible for?

A
  • Central and dorsal parts of pons contain several nerve tracts that allow for coordinated and involuntary influences on automatic movement and posture
  • Integration centre for sensory information from muscles and joints
  • Relay info form motor cortex to cerebellum
  • Controls several automatic functions necessary for life
18
Q

What is the role of the midbrain?

A
  • Connects thalamus to the hypothalamus

- Visual and auditory reflex centres

19
Q

What is the role of the reticular formation?

A
  • Sets of nuclei and neurons distributed throughout the brain stem
  • receives input from all sensory systems and nerve fibres from higher brain centres.
  • involved in control of waking and sleeping.
  • Important in attention and activation of individual for cognitive and motor ability
  • Filters out unnecessary information
20
Q

What are the three major parts of the cerebrum?

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Basal ganglia
  3. Cerebellum
21
Q

What is the role of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • The highest level of the motor control hierarchy

- Packed with cell bodies and neurons

22
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia responsible for?

A
  • Recieves information from motor areas of the cortex, then sends output to motor cortex via thalamus
  • Responsible for organising complex motor activities, scaling and modifying parameters for movement (eg velocity, direction, amplitude)
  • Role in thought control
23
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A
  • Connects spinal system, cerebral cortex and other brain structures
  • Important role in coordinating and monitoring complex patterns of skilled movement.
  • Functions to coordinate motor activities initiated by primary motor cortex
  • Recieves info from proprioceptors
  • Cognitive function of word association and puzzle solving

Motor Learning (4 decks)

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