Week 1 Flashcards
Motor behaviour definition
Umbrella term for all movement which includes: Motor control, behaviour and learning
What is Motor control?
How motor skills are controlled. Processes underlying the acquisition and performance of motor skills
What is Motor Learning?
The acquisition of skilled movements as a result of practice
What is motor development?
Understanding how the learning and control of motor skills change across a lifespan
What are the 4 studies of motor behaviour?
Psychology, Behavioural psychology, cognitive psychology and physiological psychology
What is psychology?
The study of human behaviour
What is behavioural psychology?
Objective and observable aspects of behaviour
What is cognitive psychology concerned with?
Explaining higher order mental processes
What is physiological psychology?
- Neurophysiological events related to psychological processes
- Understanding the structure and functions of the nervous system and how it relates to motor behaviour
What is physiological analysis?
- Functioning of the neuromuscular system
- Aim to describe the basic ‘wiring’ of the motor system
What is psychological analysis?
- Conceptual models to describe behaviour of a motor system
- Perceiving, deciding and acting stages
What are the types of retention tests?
- Abolute retention
- Percent of gain
- Savings score
Describe an absolute retention test?
- Level of performance after a retention interval
- See what can be obtained after a period of time
What are the types of retention tests?
- Abolute retention
- Percent of gain
- Savings score
Describe an absolute retention test?
- Level of performance after a retention interval
- See what can be obtained after a period of time
Describe a percent of gain test
The percentage of the level before the retention test
Describe a savings score retention test
Rate at which performance returns. Eg takes 100 try’s to get to 100% and it takes 40 tries to get 100% saving = 60%
What is a transfer test?
Degree to which learning generalises to other performance contexts and/or skills.
Differentiate between the different types of transfer tests
Intra task transfer
- Same skill, different set of performance conditions
Inter task transfer
- Different skill or variation of skill (baseball vs cricket)
What are some expert-novice differences
- Visual occlusion (temporal or event)
- Eye movement recordings (Ronaldo video)
- Memory recall tests
- Measures of metabolic and mechanical efficiency
What are 2 measures of of motor control?
- Psychological measures
- Physiological measures
What are the 2 psychological measures?
- Outcome measures (RT, MT, error measures)
- Process measures (Kinematics, kinetics, EEG)
What is reaction time?
Time between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of movement.
What are some types of reaction time?
- Simple reaction time
- Choice reaction time
- Discrimination reaction time
What is fractionated reaction time?
- RT divided into 2 parts
- Pre motor time (receive and interpret stimulus into action plan - Motor time (first change in electrical activity of prime mover responsible for movement)
What is movement time?
Time interval between the start of a movement and its completion
Explain the different types of accuracy
Spatial accuracy
- How closely an individual’s movement is to a specific target
Temporal accuracy
- How accurately an individual moves in a specific amount of time
What are the error measures?
Absolute error
- The amount error
Variable error
- The consistency of performance or variability in performance
- Standard deviation of the score
Constant error
- The directionality as well as the amount of error, thereby providing response bias
What is Kinematics?
Description of motion without regard to force or mass
What is kinetics?
- Role of force as the cause of motion
- Joint torque, muscle force, GRF, inertial force
- Measured by force plates, transducers etc
What does an electromyography measure?
Electrical activity in muscles
What does an electroencephalogram measure?
Brain wave activity, evoked potentials
What are intracellular recordings?
Micropipette inserted into brain to record intracellular potentials as a movement proceeds (limited to animals)
What are lesions and ablations?
Involves the ablation (cutting out) of structures in the CNS or the introduction of lesions to the same structures (restricted to animal studies). Alternatively using clinically diagnosed populations.
What are some brain scanning techniques?
- Computerized axial tomography (CAT)
- Positron emission tomography (PET)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
