Week 1

Question 1

Motor behaviour definition

Answer 1

Umbrella term for all movement which includes: Motor control, behaviour and learning

Question 2

What is Motor control?

Answer 2

How motor skills are controlled. Processes underlying the acquisition and performance of motor skills

Question 3

What is Motor Learning?

Answer 3

The acquisition of skilled movements as a result of practice

Question 4

What is motor development?

Answer 4

Understanding how the learning and control of motor skills change across a lifespan

Question 5

What are the 4 studies of motor behaviour?

Answer 5

Psychology, Behavioural psychology, cognitive psychology and physiological psychology

Question 6

What is psychology?

Answer 6

The study of human behaviour

Question 7

What is behavioural psychology?

Answer 7

Objective and observable aspects of behaviour

Question 8

What is cognitive psychology concerned with?

Answer 8

Explaining higher order mental processes

Question 9

What is physiological psychology?

Answer 9

• Neurophysiological events related to psychological processes
• Understanding the structure and functions of the nervous system and how it relates to motor behaviour

Question 10

What is physiological analysis?

Answer 10

• Functioning of the neuromuscular system

- Aim to describe the basic ‘wiring’ of the motor system

Question 11

What is psychological analysis?

Answer 11

• Conceptual models to describe behaviour of a motor system

- Perceiving, deciding and acting stages

Question 12

What are the types of retention tests?

Answer 12

• Abolute retention
• Percent of gain
• Savings score

Question 13

Describe an absolute retention test?

Answer 13

• Level of performance after a retention interval

- See what can be obtained after a period of time

Question 14

What are the types of retention tests?

Answer 14

• Abolute retention
• Percent of gain
• Savings score

Question 15

Describe an absolute retention test?

Answer 15

• Level of performance after a retention interval

- See what can be obtained after a period of time

Question 16

Describe a percent of gain test

Answer 16

The percentage of the level before the retention test

Question 17

Describe a savings score retention test

Answer 17

Rate at which performance returns. Eg takes 100 try’s to get to 100% and it takes 40 tries to get 100% saving = 60%

Question 18

What is a transfer test?

Answer 18

Degree to which learning generalises to other performance contexts and/or skills.

Question 19

Differentiate between the different types of transfer tests

Answer 19

Intra task transfer
- Same skill, different set of performance conditions

Inter task transfer
- Different skill or variation of skill (baseball vs cricket)

Question 20

What are some expert-novice differences

Answer 20

• Visual occlusion (temporal or event)
• Eye movement recordings (Ronaldo video)
• Memory recall tests
• Measures of metabolic and mechanical efficiency

Question 21

What are 2 measures of of motor control?

Answer 21

• Psychological measures

- Physiological measures

Question 22

What are the 2 psychological measures?

Answer 22

• Outcome measures (RT, MT, error measures)

- Process measures (Kinematics, kinetics, EEG)

Question 23

What is reaction time?

Answer 23

Time between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of movement.

Question 24

What are some types of reaction time?

Answer 24

• Simple reaction time
• Choice reaction time
• Discrimination reaction time

Question 25

What is fractionated reaction time?

Answer 25

• RT divided into 2 parts
  - Pre motor time (receive and interpret stimulus into action plan
• Motor time (first change in electrical activity of prime mover responsible for movement)

Question 26

What is movement time?

Answer 26

Time interval between the start of a movement and its completion

Question 27

Explain the different types of accuracy

Answer 27

Spatial accuracy
- How closely an individual’s movement is to a specific target

Temporal accuracy
- How accurately an individual moves in a specific amount of time

Question 28

What are the error measures?

Answer 28

Absolute error
- The amount error

Variable error

• The consistency of performance or variability in performance
• Standard deviation of the score

Constant error
- The directionality as well as the amount of error, thereby providing response bias

Question 29

What is Kinematics?

Answer 29

Description of motion without regard to force or mass

Question 30

What is kinetics?

Answer 30

• Role of force as the cause of motion
• Joint torque, muscle force, GRF, inertial force
• Measured by force plates, transducers etc

Question 31

What does an electromyography measure?

Answer 31

Electrical activity in muscles

Question 32

What does an electroencephalogram measure?

Answer 32

Brain wave activity, evoked potentials

Question 33

What are intracellular recordings?

Answer 33

Micropipette inserted into brain to record intracellular potentials as a movement proceeds (limited to animals)

Question 34

What are lesions and ablations?

Answer 34

Involves the ablation (cutting out) of structures in the CNS or the introduction of lesions to the same structures (restricted to animal studies). Alternatively using clinically diagnosed populations.

Question 35

What are some brain scanning techniques?

Answer 35

• Computerized axial tomography (CAT)
• Positron emission tomography (PET)
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)