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FoCM > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Fiber types

A

Collagen

Reticular

Elastic

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2
Q

Collagen properties

A

Tensile strength

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3
Q

Reticular fiber properties

A

Tensile strength

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4
Q

Elastic fiber properties

A

Resiliency

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5
Q

Proteoglycan properties

A

Rigidity, porosity

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6
Q

Mast cells

A

Granules contain bioactive substances: Histamine, leukotrienes, proteolycans

Slow release of granule regulates innate immune responses

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7
Q

Histamine

A

Causes bronchoconstriction by inducing contraction of smooth muscle

Triggers vasodilation, lowers BP

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8
Q

Epinephrine

A

Binds to adernergic receptors

Smooth muscle relaxation in airways, smooth muscle contraction

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9
Q

Exposure

A

Contact with a microbe

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10
Q

Infection

A

Acquisition by a host

Synonymous with disease

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11
Q

Commensalism

A

Microbe that co-exists with host

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12
Q

Mutualism

A

Host and microbe benefit

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13
Q

Colonization

A

Microbe found in non sterile site without causing disease

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14
Q

Latency

A

Microbe harbored without causing damage

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15
Q

Disease

A

Clinical evidence that microbe is causing damage to host tissues

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16
Q

Pathogen

A

Microbe that causes disease or damage to host

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17
Q

Sepsis

A

Systemic response to an infectious agent - bacterial, viral fungal

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18
Q

Sepsis clinical responses

A

Change in temperature
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Alteration in white blood cell count

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19
Q

Sepsis mediators

A

Complement

Coagulation cascade

Pro-inflammatory mediators

Anti- inflammatory mediators

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20
Q

Sepsis benefits? White cells, Tachycardia, Tachypnea, fever

A

White cells combat infection

Tachycardia increase CO

Tachypnea increases ventilation

Fever inhibits microbial growth

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21
Q

Septic shock

A

Sepsis and evidence of insufficient organ perfusion and oxygen delivery

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22
Q

Treating sepsis

A

Lactate measurement
Blood cultures
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Fluid resuscitation

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23
Q

Sepsis epidemiology

A

~750,000 cases in N. America

~40,000 children

30-35% mortality in adults, 10% in children

19,000,000 cases worldwide

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24
Q

Acute inflammation causes

A

Foreign intruder
Tissue necrosis
Trauma
Immune reactions

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25
Q

Vascular reactions

A

Vasodilation
Increased permeability
Vascular stasis

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26
Q

Cellular reactions

A

Extravasation
Chemotaxis
Activation
Phagocytosis

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27
Q

Vasodilation

A

Arteriolar dilation –> hyperemia –> Rubor, calor

Redness/heat

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28
Q

Increased permeability

A

Endothelial gaps
Neutrophil entry is easier
Edema

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29
Q

Vascular stasis

A

Slowed blood flow, more time for leukocytes to contact endothelial cells

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30
Q

Extravasation

A

Roll, bind, squeeze through epithelium

Roll: Selectins
Adhesion: Integrins
Transmigration: PCAM-1

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31
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Respond via receptors, locomotion based on chemical gradient

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32
Q

Activation

A

Increase defensive functions - more enzymes

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33
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Opsinization
Engulfment
Killing/degradation

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34
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Prolonged duration

Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cell

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35
Q

Chronic inflammation causes

A

Acute inflammation
Persistent infections
Prolonged irritation
Autoimmunity

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36
Q

Lymphocyte-Macrophage interaction

A

Activate macrophage –> TNF-a/IL-1 activates lymphocyte –> Activated lymphocyte IFN-gamma –> Macrophage activated

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37
Q

Granulomatous inflammation

A

Special form of chronic inflammation

Epithelioid macrophages

Myobacterium TB, histoplasmosa capsulatum, non infectious materials resistant to degradation

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38
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase in leukocytes

Accelerated release from marrow
Immediate release of storage pools (Vasculature, spleen)

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39
Q

C-Reactive Protein

A

Liver response to inflammation

‘Binds to damaged tissue and microbes, activates complement/pro-inflammatory cytokines

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40
Q

Hematopoietic cells

A 
Erythroid precursors
Megakaryocytes
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Monocytes/macrophages
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41
Q

Stromal cells

A

Fibroblasts/reticulin
Adipose
Osteoclasts/blasts
Endothelial cells

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42
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell

A

Multipotent
Self renewal
Differentiation

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43
Q

Simple squamos cells

A

Wider than tall
Fried egg appearance
Allows materials to pass through

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44
Q

Simple squamos examples

A

Endothelium - lining of blood/lymph vessels, heart cavities

Mesothelium - lining of serous cavities: Pericardium, peritoneum

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45
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

Width = depth = height

Prevalent in secretory/absorption

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46
Q

Simple cuboidal examlpes

A

Thyroid follicles
Smaller ducts/glands
Germinal epithelium of ovary
Kidney ducts

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47
Q

Simple columnar

A

Taller than wide, oval nucleus @ base

Protection and secretion

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48
Q

Plain tall columnar

A

Mucosa of stomach
SI, LI
Gall bladder
Bigger ducts of glands

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49
Q

Ciliated Columnar

A

Cells with cilia

Uterus and oviducts

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50
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

All cells touch BM but do not reach surface

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51
Q

Pseudostratified columnar w/motile cilia

A

Respiratory system: Nasal, larync, trachea, oviducts

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52
Q

Pseudostratified columnar w/motile cilia and goblet cells

A

Respiratory system

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53
Q

Goblet cells

A

Mucous secreting cells

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54
Q

Pseudostratified columnar w/non motile cilia

A

Epididymis

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55
Q

Pseudostratified columnar non ciliated

A

Ductus deferens

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56
Q

Stratified squamos example

A

Skin, lining of cavities opening to skin: Mouth, vestibule of nose, anus

More than 1 layer

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57
Q

Keratinzed stratified squamos

A

Protective layer of keratin formed

Epidermis

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58
Q

Non keratinzed stratified squamos

A

Mucous membrane

Moist cavities

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59
Q

Stratified cuboidal: Description and example

A

Secretion
2 layers, top layer is definitively cuboidal

Sweat glands, large ducts

60
Q

Stratified columnar

A

Rare
Large ducts of exocrine glands
Basal layer is cuboidal, apical surface is columnar

61
Q

Transitional

A

Lines excretory passages of urinary tract

Transition form between stratified squamos and columnar

Surface cells binucleate

62
Q

Bladder fill and transitional epithelium

A

Full bladder: Surface cells stretched - squamos

Empty: Cuboidal surface domelike

63
Q

Apical surface specialization

A

Microvillia
Cilia
Sterocilia

64
Q

Lateral surface specialization

A

Intercellular junctions

65
Q

Basal surface specializations

A

Basement membrane

Junctional specializations

66
Q

Microvilli

A

Fingerlike extensions from apical surface (1-2um)

Core of actin filaments

Brush border

Absorptive epithelium

67
Q

Terminal web

A

Horizontal web of actin, anchor microvilli

68
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Extracellular coat bound to plasmalemma of enterocyte microvillia

69
Q

Cilia

A

Long (5-10um) cytoplasmic extensions

No actin core

9+2 doublet formation of tubulin - axoneme

Facilitate flow of fluid over epithelium

70
Q

Intraflagellar transport

A

Cargo molecules loaded at base –> Use kinesin to move up –> dynein to move down

71
Q

Primary cilia dyskinesia: Males

A

Sterility

Male flagellum of sperm affected, cilia in testis

72
Q

Primary cilia dyskinesia: females

A

Cilia in oviducts affected

Fertile but increased ectopic pregnancy

73
Q

Hydrocephalus internus

A

PCD

Ependymal cells in ventricles play role in CSF circulation

Fluid accumulation in brain

74
Q

Stereocilia

A

Long, immotile, branched microvillia

Male reproductive tract

Inner ear sensory hair cells

75
Q

Zona occludens

A

Extends around entire perimeter of cell, apical area

76
Q

Tight junctions

A

Fused ridges of tightly packed transmembrane proteins

Rapidly formed and disassembled

Block lateral movement of lipids and membrane proteins

77
Q

Zonula adherens

A

Basal to zona occludens

Adjacent plams membranes separated by 15-20nm gap, filled with plaque containing e-

E-cadherin between

78
Q

Macula adherens/desmosomes

A

points of adhesion, 25-35nm separation

Cadherin within space, tonofilaments anchor within cell

79
Q

Clostridium perfringens and j(x) complexes

A

Attacks zona occludens J(x)

Food poisoning
Dehydration

80
Q

Heliobacter pylori and j(x) complexes

A

Binds to extracellular domain of zonula occludens in stomach –> decrease tyrosine kinase signaling

Gastric ulcers, carcinomas

81
Q

Viruses and j(x) complexes

A

Attachment and endocytosis of reovirus to JAM protein of zonula occludens

82
Q

Parasites and j(x) complexes

A

Dust mites

Cleave zonula occludens proteins, loss of barrier in lungs results in exposure and immune response

83
Q

Gap junctions (Nexus)

A

2-3nm separation

Direct electrical and chemical communication

84
Q

Connexon

A

Bridge between nexus’

85
Q

Connexin 26

A

Inner ear - deafness

86
Q

Connexin 32

A

PNS

Degenerative disease, charcot-marie-tooth

87
Q

Connexin 50

A

Congenital cataracts - blindness

88
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Thin sheet of extracellular material at basal surface

Separation of epithelial cell and CT

89
Q

Basal lamina

A

Extracellular supportive structure - only EM

Lamina lucida
Lamina densa

90
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

Anchors intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton to BM

Half desmosome

91
Q

Lamina propria

A

Below BM

Support to epithelium

92
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Ducts opening to surface

93
Q

Endocrine

A

Release products into blood or lymph

94
Q

Merocrine/eccrine

A

Release of products with cell membrane intact - Exocytosis

95
Q

Apocrine

A

Part of cell membrane released (mammary glands)

96
Q

Holocrine

A

Bulk release of whole cell or cytoplasm (Sebaceous glands)

97
Q

Epithelial metaplasia

A

Reversible conversion of one mature cell to another type

All epithelial

98
Q

Cardiac muscle nuclei location

99
Q

Skeletal muscle nuclei location

100
Q

Cardiac muscle histological description

A

More red
Central nuclei
Lots of cytoplasm
Branching

101
Q

Skeletal muscle histological description

A

Nuclei in periphery
Wide cells
Striations

102
Q

Smooth muscle histological description

A

Many evenly scattered nuclei

103
Q

Calcium signaling for muscle contraction

A

Ca increase –> Ca2+/Calmodulin complex activates Myosin light chain kinase –> activates myosin light chains –> Myosin light chain phosphatase removes phosphate from LC

104
Q

Difference between smooth and skeletal muscle contraction

A

Smooth muscles twist and can lock

Use less energy

105
Q

Multiunit smooth muscle synaptic transmission

A

Each cell receives synapse

106
Q

Unitary (visceral) smooth muscle synaptic transmission

A

Few synapses, transmitted via gap junctions

107
Q

3 blood vessel wall components

A

Tunica intima: Inside
Tunica media: Middle
Tunica adventitia: Outisde

108
Q

Tunica intima composition

A

Endothelial cells and loose connective tissue

109
Q

Tunica media composition

A

Smooth muscle

110
Q

Tunica Adventitia composition

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

111
Q

Vessels ranked by thickness: Highest to lowest

A

Artery&raquo_space; Vein&raquo_space; Lymphatic vessel

112
Q

Difference between artery and vein TM

A

Smooth muscle in Artery

113
Q

Capillaries composition

A

Endothelial cells and basement membrane

No smooth muscle

Pinocytotic cells

Tight junctions

114
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Least permeable, endothelial cells have tight junctions and no fenestrations

115
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

More permeable, endothelial cells have tight junctions with fenestrations

116
Q

Functions of basal laminae

A

Structural support

Barrier or selective filter

Influences cell polarity and differentiation

Promotes and guides cell migration

117
Q

Fibronectin

A

Connects fibroblasts

1 gene

Binding sites for many components (collagen, fibrin, cells)

118
Q

RGD

A

Cell binding domain of fibronectin

119
Q

Integrins

A

Protein on cells that bind to fibronectin

Alpha/beta chains

Some have RGD receptors

Transmembrane signaling

120
Q

Integrin activation

A

Leukocyte rolling on endothelial cells –> reaches point with activating factors (site of infection) –> signaling cascade –> integrin in active confirmation

121
Q

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency

A

Lack of integrin Beta2

122
Q

LAD I

A

Structural defects in integrin

123
Q

LAD II

A

Absence of selectin ligand

124
Q

LAD III

A

Defects in integrin activation

125
Q

Brown fat location

A

Cervical
Supraclavicular
Paravertebral

126
Q

White fat function

A

Energy storage
Insulation
Cushioning

127
Q

Brown fat function

A

Heat regulation

128
Q

Brown fat heat generation

A

Uncoupling of respiration

Rich vascularization spreads heat

129
Q

Cushioning locations

A

Palm of hand
Buttocks
Orbit of eye
Kidney

130
Q

Hematochezia

A

Passage of blood through the anus

131
Q

Melena

A

Black feces resulting from upper GI bleed/upstream colon

132
Q

Peri-partum hemorrhage

A

Childbirth bleed

133
Q

Gross hematuria

A

Blood in urine

134
Q

Hemo-pericardium

A

Blood in lung/heart

135
Q

Ecchymosis

A

Hematoma associated with skin or mucous membrane

Bruise

136
Q

Hemostasis trio of components

A
  1. Vasculature and hemodynamics
  2. Platelets
  3. Coagulation cascade
137
Q

Vascular response of hemostasis

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Endothelium: When broken, collagen interacts with blood, release vWF –> Platelet adhesion trigger
  3. Formation of platelet plug
138
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Links one platelet to another

139
Q

Coagulation Cascade

A

Create fibrin glue to support platelet plug until endothelium/matrix remodeling

140
Q

Virchow’s triad

A

Increase risk for thrombosis

Injury
Blood flow: Stasis/turbulence
Coagulation pathway: hypercoagulability

141
Q

Congenital Atresia

A

Valve does not form

142
Q

Mass effect

A

Pregnancy or tumor squeezing veins

143
Q

Ischemia

144
Q

Infarct

A

Ischemic necrosis (Death of downstream tissues due to vessel narrowing) caused by artery occlusion

145
Q

Embolus

A

Detached mass carried by blood

Thromboemboli most common

146
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

Heart Pump failure

147
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

Massive blood loss, fluid loss from burns

FoCM (6 decks)

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