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FoCM > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Conceptus

A

Product of fertilization

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2
Q

Primordium

A

Organ or tissue in early stages

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3
Q

Embryonic Period

A

Weeks 3-8

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4
Q

Fetal period

A

Weeks 8-38

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5
Q

Trimesters

A

Month 1-3, 4-6, 7-9

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6
Q

Blastocyst parts (3)

A

Inner cell mass (Embryoblast)
Outer cell mass (trophoblast)
Blastocyst cavity

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7
Q

Blastocyst arrival in uterus (week)

A

Week 1

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8
Q

Implantation

A

Fusion of Trophoblast and endometrial epithelium

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9
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

Unfused trophoblast cells

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10
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

Divided trophoblast cells that are fused into endometrial epithelium

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11
Q

hCG

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Secreted by Syncytiotophoblast –> prevents menstruation

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12
Q

Gastrulation (in general)

A

Week 3

Bilaminar germ disk –> trilaminar germ disk

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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13
Q

Formation of endoderm

A

Epiblast cells migrate through primitive streak to replace hypoblast –> form endoderm

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14
Q

Mesoderm formation

A

Epiblast cells migration through primitive streak lie between endoderm and epiblast –> mesoderm

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15
Q

Ectoderm formation

A

Non migrating epiblast cells –> ectoderm

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16
Q

Ectoderm develops into..

A

Epidermis

CNS

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17
Q

Endoderm develops into..

A

Inner lining of digestive and respiratory tracts

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18
Q

Mesoderm develops into..

A

Muscles, bones, blood, connective tissues, fat

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19
Q

Sacrococcygeal teratoma

A

Occurs when primitive streak cells persist

Tumors have a lot of tissues in them, teeth/hair

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20
Q

Caudal regression

A

Due to failure of mesoderm formation

Cranial structures normal, inferior structures underdeveloped

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21
Q

Locations without mesoderm after gastrulation

A

Cloacal membrane
Buccopharyngeal membrane

Tightly bound ecto and endoderm

Will form oral and uro-genital-digestive openings

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22
Q

3 mesoderm tissues

A

Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm

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23
Q

Formation of intraembryonic coelom

A

Lateral plate mesoderm splits into somatic and splanchnic mesoderm

Space in between is intraembryonoic coelom

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24
Q

Somatic mesoderm development –>

A

Body wall, conscious sensation and movement

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25
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm development –>

A

Visceral, unconscious sensation and movement

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26
Q

Intraembryonic coelom development –>

A

Body cavities

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27
Q

Molar pregnancy

A

Organism only develops placenta, no embryo

Villi swell and must be removed

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28
Q

Neurulation

A

Week 4 (end of week 3)

Notocord induces ectoderm to thicken = neuroectoderm

Neuroectoderm folds, creates neural groove

Neuroectoderm fuses –> neural tube formed (filled with amniotic fluid)

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29
Q

Surface ectoderm after neurulation becomes…

A

Epidermis

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30
Q

Direction of neural tube closure

A

First in middle, then cranially and caudally

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31
Q

Closing of neural tube (week)

A

Near week 4 end

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32
Q

Neural crest

A

Forms when ectoderm cells break off from neural tube and neuroectoderm

Lateral to neural tube

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33
Q

Neural crest develops..

A

Neural cells that are outside of CNS

Schwann cells
dorsal root ganglion
Cranial nerve ganglion
Postganglionic neurons

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34
Q

Paraxial mesoderm condensation results in

A

Somitomeres –> Somites

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35
Q

Somites develop into..

A

Bone (migrates aroung notochord), muscle, dermis

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36
Q

Somite divides into 2 parts

A

Sclerotome (bone)

Dermomyotome (muscle and dermis)

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37
Q

B cell development (total)

A

Stem cell –> Pro B –> Pre B –> Immature B –> Mature B

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38
Q

Pro B cell development

A

D-J rearrangements in H chain

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39
Q

Pre B cell development and Ig expression

A

V-D-J rearrangement in H chain

Cytoplasmic mu and pre B cell receptors

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40
Q

Immature B cell development and Ig expression

A

VJ rearrangement = Single functional light chain

IgM expressed on surfaceas receptor (can’t be activated by antigen)

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41
Q

Mature B cell

A

IgM and IgD expression

Cell exits bone marrow

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42
Q

Bruton’s X linked Agammaglobulinemia

A

Defect in btk gene

btk gene product = pro B cell –> further development

Defect = lack of humoral immunity (no B cells)

No tonsils of papable lymph nodes

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43
Q

2 T cell types

A

Alpha-beta

Gamma-Delta

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44
Q

T cell marker on all T cells

A

CD3

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45
Q

T cell markers on alpha beta

A

CD4 or CD8

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46
Q

Activation of T cell (3 steps)

A 
Adhesion
Signal 1 (Antigen recognition)
Signal 2 (co-stimulation, B7-CD28)
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47
Q

Cell adhesion

A

Adhesion molecules help connect Tcell and APC

LFA-1/CAM-1

Transient connection

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48
Q

Antigen recognition and adhesion

A

TCR recognizes MHC/peptide –> Increased affinity of LFA-1

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49
Q

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

A

Affects beta2 integrin subunit of LFA-1

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50
Q

Antigen recognition

A

TCR binding induces CD3 signal cascade

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51
Q

Costimulatory Signal

A

CD28-B7 (Most studied)

B7 on APC activated by microbes or innate immune response

Connect with CD28 on Tcell

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52
Q

B-cell activation by T cell (general overview)

A

B cell binds antigen –> Peptide derived and presented by MHC –> T helper cell recognizes

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53
Q

Helper T cell action after connected to B cell

A

CD40Ligand and cytokines expressed (bind to resective receptors) –> B cell activation and proliferation

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54
Q

Hapten

A

Small non immunogenic molecule

Needs carrier (eg BSA)

Carrier-hapten complex is immunogenic and Ig will react to hapten alone

ONLY AFTER COMPLEX IMMUNIZATION

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55
Q

IL-2

A

Made by activated T-cells

Binds (autocrine) to t-cells (IL-2R) and induces clonal expansion and differentiation

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56
Q

3 CD4 subsets

A

Th1, Th2, Th17

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57
Q

Th1 cytokine

A

IFN-gamma

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58
Q

IFN-gamma

A

Activates macrophages

–> increased MHC expression, cytokine secretion, reactive O-, NO, lysosomal enzymes

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59
Q

IL-12 and Th1

A

IL12 secreted by innate immunity –> promotes Th1 responses

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60
Q

Th2 cytokines

A

IL-4 –> IgE response
IL-5 –> Eosinophil activation
IL-10 –> Suppress Th1
IL-13 –> Like IL-4, hypersensitivity

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61
Q

IL-4

A

IgE response

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62
Q

IL-5

A

Eosinophil activation

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63
Q

IL-10

A

Suppresses Th1

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64
Q

Th17 cytokines

A

IL-17A
IL17-F
IL-22

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65
Q

IL-17

A

Inflammatory diseases

Neutrophil action

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66
Q

CD8 activation (overview)

A

Adhesion
Ag recognition
Co-stimulation
IL-2 (made by CD4 or CTL)

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67
Q

CTL mechanism of action

A

Initiates apoptosis pathway of cell

Releases granules (perforins/granzymes) = apoptotic pathway

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68
Q

NK cells

A

Natural killer, kill cells without MHC-1

Inhibitory receptor binds to MHC-1/peptide –> no destruction

69
Q

ADCC

A

Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity

NK’s bind to cells coated in IgG –> Kill cell

70
Q

3 groups of genes involved in birth defects

A

Growth factor receptors
Transcription Factors
Extracellular matrix proteins

71
Q

Anencephaly

A

Incomplete development of cranial neural tube –> exposed brain, undifferentiated

72
Q

Myeloschisis

A

Incomplete development of the caudal neural tube

Lumbar spinal cord that is undifferentiated and exposed

73
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Asymptomatic

Unfused vertebral arch but not huge opening

74
Q

Meningocele

A

Only meninges protrude through defective non fused vertebral arch

75
Q

Meningomyelocele

A

Neural tube breaks from ectoderm, herniates through defect

76
Q

Phenytoin

A

Anticonvulsant
Teratogen –> Fetal hydantoin syndrome

Heart malformations, facial clefts, limb defects

Metabolized by phase 1 enzyme of epoxide hydrolase

77
Q

Mercaptopurine

A

Metabolized by thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT)

78
Q

Pili

A

Protein projections on surface of bacteria (made of pilin)

Major role in adherence, attach to receptors on host cell

Antigenic, anti-phagocytic, variable

79
Q

Spores

A

Small metabolically quiescent forms of bacteria, produced as survival mechanism

Can withstand extreme environments

80
Q

Exotoxin

A

Proteins that bind to host cell (B domain) and damage/kill host (A domain)

81
Q

Diptheria toxin

A

Stops protein synthesis

A domain ADP-ribosylates elongation factor 2 –> no protein synthesis

82
Q

Cholera toxin

A

A domain ADP-ribosylates GTP binding protein, constant cAMP –> diarrhea

83
Q

Tetanus and Botulinum toxins

A

Cleave vesicle fusion proteins

Block neurotransmitter release

84
Q

Bacterial endotoxins

A
  1. Integral to bacteria structure
  2. Composed of lipopolysaccharide
  3. Gram negative ONLY
85
Q

Steps for microorganism infection

A
  1. Entry
  2. Spread
  3. Multiplication
  4. Transmission
  5. Pathology
86
Q

TNF-alpha

A

Endogenous pyrogen (fever)

Made by macrophage

Increases vascular permeability –> complement and increased fluid drainage to lymph nodes

87
Q

Type 1 Interferon response

A

Induce resistance to viral replication (RNA and Protein synthesis level)

Increase NK cell receptor ligands

Activate NK cells

Interferons released when cell is killed by virus, induces response in neighboring cells

88
Q

HIV and chemokine relationship

A

HIV binds to chemokine receptors (CXCR4, CCR5)

89
Q

Th1 pattern of cytokines =

A

Enhanced phagocytosis

90
Q

Th2 pattern of cytokines

A

M2 or alternative pattern, wound healing

91
Q

M2 macrophage

A

Wound repair, fibrosis

92
Q

Superantigen

A

Activates T cells

Binds to MHC class 2 outside of peptide binding groove and Vbeta of TCR

93
Q

High endothelial venules

A

Path of naive T cell trafficking to specific peripheral lymphoid tissue

Homing based on specific homing receptors interacting with HEV receptors

94
Q

Difference between fungi and human cells

A

Plasma membrane

Cell wall

95
Q

Fungi cell wall

A

90% polysaccharides
10% proteins

Mannans
Glucans
Chitin

96
Q

Mannan

A

Mannose polymers

Attached to surface proteins

97
Q

Glucans

A

Glucose polymers

Strength

98
Q

Chitin

A

N-acetylglucosamine polymer

Strength

99
Q

Moulds

A

Form hyphae
-Tube like structures

Hyphae fusion = mycelium (colony)

100
Q

Yeast

A

Unicellular

Budding reproduction

101
Q

Aflatoxin

A

Food contaminant

102
Q

Fungi virulence/pathogenesis

steps

A

Adherence
Invasion
Tissue damage
Host evasion

103
Q

Fungi adherence

A

Fungal surface proteins/carbohydrates bind human cell receptors

104
Q

Invasion

A

Hyphal pathogens

105
Q

Tissue damage

A

Degradative enzymes

106
Q

Host evasion

A

Avoid recognition

Escape phagocytic killing

107
Q

Superficial fungi

A

Environmentally acquired

108
Q

Opportunistic fungi

A

Emerge in diseased hosts only

109
Q

Pneumocystis jirovecci

A

Acquired by inhalation, but held in check by immune system

Pneumocystis pneumonia in diseased patients

110
Q

Systemic fungi

A

Infects healthy host

Environmental transmission

111
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

Found in caves, bat is the host

112
Q

Antifungal innate immunity

A

PAMP’s recognized by PRR’s

113
Q

Common fungal PAMP and human PRR

A

PAMP: Beta Glucan

PRR: Dectin-1

114
Q

Azoles

A

Block ergosterol synthesis

Fluconazole
Voriconazole
Posaconazole

115
Q

Allylamines

A

Block ergosterol synthesis

Terbinafine (Lamisil)

116
Q

Polyenes

A

Bind ergosterol (form pore)

Higher toxicity

Amphotericin B
Nystatin (topical)

117
Q

Echinocandins

A

Block glucan synthesis

Caspofungin
Anidulofungin
Micafungin

118
Q

Pyrimidine Analogs

A

Block DNA/RNA synthesis

Flucytosine

Rapid resistance, works in combo therapy

119
Q

Fertilization (sperm)

A

Burrow through corona radiata and zona pellucida

Enzymes released from acrosome

120
Q

Fertilization (oocyte)

A

Release cortical granules (confirmation change to prevent polyspermy)

Finish meiosis II

Begin metabolism

121
Q

Schistosoma mansoni

A

Flatworm infestation

122
Q

Tapeworm (alternate name)

123
Q

Fluke (alternate name)

124
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica

A

Amebic parasite found in dirty water/food

Or Butt stuff

125
Q

Ciliated or flagellate protozoan parasites more common?

A

Flagellate

126
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Sexually transmitted flagellate protozoan

127
Q

T cell development stages

A

Double negative –> Double positive –> +/-

+/- in medulla of thymus

128
Q

Transition from +/+

A

Recognition of MHC Class II = CDR-4+

Recognition of MHC class I = CD-8+

No recognition/too strong recognition = apoptosis

129
Q

Cytokine signal transduction

A

JAK/STAT pathway

130
Q

IL-2 and T cell affinity

A

Only activated T cells express Alpha unit of IL-2R and will respond to IL-2

131
Q

Th2 defends host against…

A

Helminthic parasites

132
Q

Th1 defends hosts against…

A

Foreign intracellular microbes

133
Q

Th17 defends host against…

A

Extracellular bacteria/fungi

134
Q

Pyrogens

A

TNF-alpha

IL-1

IL-6

135
Q

Path of virus after entry into body

A

Taken up by APC (dendritic cell) –> Travel to lymphoid tissue

136
Q

M1 phagocytosis

A

Microbe binds to phagocyte receptor –> Phagocyte membrane envelopes microbe –> Fuse with lysosome –> microbe killed

Th1 cytokines

137
Q

Positive sense RNA viruses

A

Virion RNA = mRNA

Immediate translation

138
Q

Negative sense RNA viruses

A

RNA is complementary to mRNA

Need RNA dependent RNA polymerase packaged with it to transcribe then translate

139
Q

Double stranded RNA viruses

A

RNA polymerase needed to make mRNA

140
Q

Problem of monocistronic RNAs in human?

A

Humans only operate with single mRNA’s

Viruses translate singe mRNA and cleave product to make multiple proteins

141
Q

Forces driving viral diversity

A

Mutation

Selection

Reassortment

Genetic drift/founder effect

142
Q

Immune escape

A

Gradual accumulation of mutations (genetic drift)

143
Q

Productive infection

A

Cell has appropriate receptors and machinery for viral replication, production, and release

144
Q

Null

A

Cell does not have appropriate receptors

145
Q

Abortive

A

No virion formation after entry

Insufficient DNA/RNA production or non infectious virions produced

146
Q

Restrictive

A

Cell is transiently permissive, only few viruses produced

No more production but virus genome still present

147
Q

Gram+ bacteria

A

Thick peptidoglycan

Teichoic acid

148
Q

Gram- bacteria

A

Outer membrane with LPS

149
Q

LPS

A

Lipopolysaccharide

Lipid A portion responsible for endotoxin activity

150
Q

Fluconazole
Voriconazole
Posaconazole

A

Azole

Block ergosterol synthesis

151
Q

Terbinafine (Lamisil)

A

Allylamine

Blocks ergosterol synthesis

152
Q

Amphotericin B

A

Polyene

Binds ergosterol, forms pore

153
Q

Nystatin

A

Polyene

Binds ergosterol, forms pore

154
Q

Caspofungin
Anidulofungin
Micafungin

A

Echinocandins

Block glucan synthase

155
Q

Flucytosine

A

Pyrimadine analog

Block DNA/RNA synthesis

156
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

Most common intestinal protozoan in US

Diarrhea

Water borne cysts

157
Q

Chagas disease

A

Parasite that causes heart disease

158
Q

Ascariasis

A

Infestation of ascaris lumbridoides

Nematode

Fecal-oral transmission of eggs in contaminated food

159
Q

Percent of babies born with birth defect

A

3%

120,000/year in US

160
Q

Most common birth defect

A

Congenital heart defect

1% of all births

40,000 new cases per year

161
Q

Cleft lip prevalence/incidence

A

P: 1/1000

I: 7000 a year

162
Q

Down’s syndrome prevalence/incidence

A

P: 1/1000

I: 6000 a year

163
Q

3 major components of embryonic development

A

Pattern formation

Axis specification

Organogenesis

164
Q

FGFR3 diseases

A

Hypochondroplasia

Thanatophoric dysplasia

Achondroplasia

165
Q

FGFR2 disease

A

Apert syndrome

Digit fusion, face hypoplasia

166
Q

Hirschsprung disease

A

P: 1/5000

Lack of nerve cells in enteric tract

RET oncogene mutation

167
Q

Hox genes

A

Anterior/posterior axis

168
Q

Situs inversus caused by…

A

Dynein

Polycystin-2

FoCM (6 decks)

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