Week 3 Flashcards
What are the three parts of information processing important for memory?
Encoding, storage, and retrieval
How do recall and recognition differ?
Recall is when you pulling information about a memory out of storage.
Recognition is when your taking a multiple choice test and there are to recall the information because of the way a question is worded.
What is a problem relying upon eyewitness testimony in court cases? What may be a problem with line-ups?
The problem with line-ups is that the suspect is probably not even there and there could be other things that can affect your memory.
Sperling’s study of sensory memory (SIS): how does accuracy vary in partial report and whole report formats? How does delaying recall affect accuracy ? What are iconic, echoic,and hepatic?
In whole report, you are able to recall some of the letters that where flashed before you right after it was shown.
In partial report format, there is a low, medium, and high auditory tone, and when with each tone you report was in the first, second, and third row.
By delaying recall the accuracy rate decreases.
Ionic is fast-decaying recall of visual information
echoic is fast-decaying recall of auditory information and hepatic is fast-decaying recall of touch information.
What are the different memory stores? How do they differ in terms of encoding, capacity, and duration?
Short-term memory hold non-sensory info for more than a few seconds but less than a minute.
Long-term memory holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years.
Sensory memory- holds sensory information for a few seconds, but less than minute.
As presented in the OL lesson, does merely repeating info in STS or WM lead to a strong LTM trace-consider the function of WM? What are maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal ( encoding)?
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What are chunking and the serial position effect, including primacy and recency?
Chunking is combining small pieces of info into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory.
As presented in lecture, explain how the computer metaphor for memory is inaccurate at each level of information processing.
For encoding: computer- exactly as input
Human- altered by attention, perception, experience
For storage- computer: binary system
Human- distributed in brain as neural network connections
For retrieval: computer- displays as input
Human- reconstructive process
How does level of processing (encoding) affect memory? How does visual and auditory processing memory (class demonstration)?
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What is visual imagery encoding? What are the method of loci, link method, and priming?
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What are expected differences in recall based on physical, acoustic, semantic, and self-reference processing?
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What is most forgetting caused by? What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?
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What is the encoding specificity principle? Transfer appropriate processing? How do state, mood, and context affect retrieval?
Encoding specificity principle- a retrieval cue can serve as a reminder when it helps to re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded .
What are: misinformation effect and source amnesia? What were the main conclusions of related studies?
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What is long-term pontentiation? What is the role of the hippocampus and NMDA in the neural basis of memory?
Long-term potential- a process where communication across the synapse between neurons strengths the connection making further communication easier.
What are implicit (procedural, conditioning, and priming) and explicit memories (semantic and episodic)? Which brain areas are associated with explicit and implicit memory?
Things that you learned in the past such as riding a bike are implicit memories.
Explicit memories are things like recalling memories from past summer vacations, or information for a test.
What are: anterograde and retrograde amnesia? Damage tot he hippocampus leads to what type of memory deficit?
Anterograde amnesia - the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store.
Retrograde amnesia- the inability to retrieve info that was acquired before a particular date usually the date of an injury or surgery.
What is memory consolidation and reconsolidating? When can you be certain a memory is an accurate recollection of events?
Memory consolidation is he process by which memories become stable in the brain.
Reconsolidating- memories become vulnerable when they recalled, requiring them to be consolidated again.
What are: prototypes, exemplars, representative heuristic, availability heuristic, and algorithms?
Prototypes is how we classify objects by best selecting what we think is normal.
Representative heuristic- judging the likelihood by how well they seem to represent prototypes
Availability heuristic - why are some things more available ?
Algorithms- methodical procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
What are semantic encoding and organizational encoding? What is survival-related encoding and how does it relate to visual imagery semantic, and organizational encoding?
Semantic encoding- the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory.
Organizational memory- the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items.
Visual imagery encoding- the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures.
Survival-related encoding uses all 3 elements, visual imagery encoding, organizational, and semantic.
What are the seven sins of memory? Be able to identify them given an example.
- Transience- forgetting what occurs with the passage of time. ex: saying something and then forgetting that you said that.
- Absentmindedness: a lapse in attention that results from memory failure. ex: forgetting where you left your keys, or parked your car.
- Blocking- a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it. Ex: tip-of the tongue experience
- Memory Misattribution- assigning a recollection or an idea tot he wrong source. ex- trying to identify a rapist, and it is the wrong person.
- Suggestibility- the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollection. ex: seeing something that occurred but it did not really happen that specific way.
- bias- the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences.
- Persistence- the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget.
What is brain-finger printing and how does it relate to memory and lie detection?
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