week 2 Flashcards
How do nerve cells communicate? In your answer clarify the role of: resting potential, sodium ions, threshold, action potential, neurotransmitters, synaptic vesicles, receptors, synapse, refractory period, and reuptake.
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What are : glial cells, and nodes of Ranvier?
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Chemical messengers- neurotransmitters and hormones: What functions are associated with acetyl chlorine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate, GABA, endorphins?
Neurotransmitter sand hormones are chemicals that the brain produces that affect how we live.
Dopamine- movement, motivation, pleasure, arousal.
Norepinephrine- increased arousal
Serotonin- hunger, sleep, and arousal
What are agonists and antagonists?
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Is physical or mental activity more important to ensure a healthy brain? Consider the film shown in class- dendritic branching and supportive vasculature.
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS): what are the divisions of the PNS as presented in lecture? What are the primary functions of each? What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? What is the primary functions of each? What are sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons? What are spinal reflexes?
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What is cut in split-brain operation? Why would this be done? If words were presented in the left visual field would a split-brain patient be able to report what he saw? What if presented in the right visual field?
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Hindbrain: Brainstem- what are the components and functions of the structures (medulla, reticular formation, thalamus) presented in lecture? What symptom profile develops from damage to each?
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Hindbrain:What are the functions of the pons and cerebellum? What symptom profile results from damage?
Cerebellum- important for precise timing of coordinated movement , including balance, important for implicit memory
Midbrain: What functions are associated with the tectum and tegmentum?
Tectum- orient to environment
Tegmentum-movement and arousal
Forebrain: Limbic system: Know the functions of these structures: hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, septal area, and cingulate cortex. What is the function of the pituitary gland and how does the hypothalamus function with the pituitary?
Hippocampus- forms explicit memory
Amygdala- associated with fear and anger
Hypothalamus - maintenance ( fight or flight, temperature, food, sex)
Cingulate cortex- mood, motivation, anterior portion: error prevention
Septal area: linked to pleasure and the reward path
forebrain: describe Phineas Gage’s case of frontal syndrome?
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forebrain: language areas: What are the functions of Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas? What symptom profiles are associated with Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia?
Broca’s ares- forms speech ; expressive aphasia - speech difficulties
Wernicke’s area- comprehension; receptive aphasia- comprehension difficulties
forebrain: How are the somatosensory and motor areas arranged in the cortex? Where are they located? What is brain plasticity? Is the brain capable reorganizing itself if damaged?
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Subcortical structures: What is the function of the basal ganglia? What disease is associated with too little dopamine reaching the striatum in the basal ganglia?
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