Week 3 Flashcards
Fundamentals of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
A schedule of reinforcement in which not every instance of the behavior is followed by the delivery of the reinforcer. Includes fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, and variable interval schedules.
a) independent reinforcement
b) automatic reinforcement
c) differential reinforcement
d) intermittent schedule of reinforcement
e) negative reinforcement
d.) intermittent schedule of reinforcement
other feedback:
independent reinforcement
Feedback: In ABA, the term independent is not typically used to describe reinforcement.
automatic reinforcement
Feedback: In automatic reinforcement, reinforcement is achieved as a result of the organism’s own behavior and is not delivered from an external means.
differential reinforcement
Feedback: Differential reinforcement describes a procedure in which a specific desirable behavior is followed by a reinforcer but other behaviors are not. The result is an increase in the desirable behavior and extinction of the other behaviors. This is not the best fit considering the definition provided.
negative reinforcement
Feedback: This is when a response results in the removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus. This is not a type of reinforcement schedule.
schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is contingent on a response being different in some specified way (such as different topography) from the previous response (such as Lag 1) or a specified number of previous responses.
a) progressive schedule of reinforcement
b) intermittent reinforcement schedule
c) schedule of reinforcement
d) continuous reinforcement schedule
e) lag reinforcement schedule
e.) lag reinforcement schedule
other feedback:
progressive schedule of reinforcement
Feedback: In this type of schedule, each successive reinforcement opportunity is systematically thinned independent of the learner’s behavior.
intermittent reinforcement schedule
Feedback: This is a schedule in which reinforcement is provided for some but not all occurrences of the target behavior.
schedule of reinforcement
Feedback: This is a rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement, such as a lag reinforcement schedule.
continuous reinforcement schedule
Feedback: This is a schedule in which reinforcement is provided for every occurrence of the target behavior.
A schedule of reinforcement in which each instance of the behavior is followed by the reinforcer.
a) differential reinforcement
b) automatic reinforcement
c) independent reinforcement
d) continuous reinforcement
e) negative reinforcement
d.) continuous reinforcement
other feedback:
differential reinforcement
Feedback: Differential reinforcement involves reinforcing certain response classes while placing others on extinction.
automatic reinforcement
Feedback: This is a schedule of reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others. That being said, reinforcement may not occur after each instance of the behavior within these schedules.
independent reinforcement
Feedback: Reinforcement is not defined in terms of being independent.
negative reinforcement
Feedback: This is when a response results in the removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus. This is not a schedule of reinforcement.
A schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an interval of time has elapsed.
a) negative reinforcement
b) fixed ratio
c) fixed differential
d) fixed response reinforcer
e) fixed interval
e) fixed interval
other feedback:
negative reinforcement
Feedback: This is when a response results in the removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus. This is not a schedule of reinforcement.
fixed differential
Feedback: This is not a term used to describe a schedule of reinforcement in ABA.
fixed interval
Feedback: Correct.
fixed response reinforcer
Feedback: Reinforcers are not defined in terms of fixed response.
fixed ratio
Feedback: Reinforcement in fixed ratio responding is determined by responses emitted, not time.
A schedule of reinforcement in which a specific number of responses must occur before the reinforcer is delivered.
a) discriminated stimulus
b) fixed differential
c) fixed ratio
d) fixed response reinforcer
e) fixed interval
c) fixed ratio
other feedback:
discriminated stimulus
Feedback: This is a stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement for a particular response to occur.
fixed differential
Feedback: The term fixed is used to describe ratio and interval schedules. The term fixed differential is not used in ABA.
fixed response reinforcer
Feedback: Reinforcement is not defined in terms of fixed response.
fixed interval
Feedback: Reinforcement in fixed interval responding occurs when a fixed amount of time has elapsed, not number of responses.
A schedule for the delivery of non-contingent stimuli in which a time interval remains the same from one delivery to the next.
a) spaced-responding DRL
b) fixed-interval DRO
c) interval DRL
d) variable-time schedule
e) fixed-time schedule
e) fixed-time schedule
other feedback:
spaced-responding DRL
Feedback: This refers to a differential reinforcement procedure targeting reduced interresponse times relative to rates of behavior, not a schedule for delivery of stimuli.
fixed-interval DRO
Feedback: This refers to a differential reinforcement procedure targeting elimination of behavior, and requires response-contingent delivery of stimuli.
interval DRL
Feedback: This refers to a differential reinforcement procedure targeting reduced rate of behavior, not a schedule for delivery of stimuli.
variable-time schedule
Feedback: In this type of schedule for the delivery of noncontingent stimuli, the interval of time from one delivery to the next randomly varies around a given time.
A DRO procedure in which reinforcement is available at the end of intervals of fixed duration and delivered contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during each interval.
a) fixed-interval DRO
b) full-session DRO
c) spaced-responding DRO
d) fixed-momentary DRO
e) full-momentary DRO
a.) fixed interval DRO
other feedback:
full-session DRO
Feedback: Full session is used to describe DRL, not DRO.
spaced-responding DRO
Feedback: Spaced responding relates to DRL, not DRO.
fixed-momentary DRO
Feedback: In fixed-momentary DRO, reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the target behavior at the end of the interval.
full-momentary DRO
Feedback: This is not a term used in ABA. The two types of momentary DRO procedures are fixed and variable.
A DRO procedure in which reinforcement is available at specific moments of time, which are separated by a fixed amount of time, and delivered contingent on the problem behavior not occurring at those moments.
a) fixed-interval DRO
b) spaced-responding DRO
c) full-session DRO
d) fixed-momentary DRO
e) full-momentary DRO
d.) fixed momentary DRO
other feedback:
fixed-interval DRO
Feedback: In fixed-interval DRO, reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the target behavior throughout the interval.
spaced-responding DRO
Feedback: Spaced responding relates to DRL, not DRO.
full-momentary DRO
Feedback: This is not a term used in ABA. The two types of momentary DRO procedures are fixed and variable.
full-session DRO
Feedback: Full session is used to describe DRL, not DRO.
A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response that occurs after a specified time interval is reinforced.
a) variable response
b) variable reinforcer
c) variable ratio
d) fixed interval
e) variable interval
e) variable interval
other feedback:
variable response
Feedback: Responses are not typically defined as variable.
fixed interval
Feedback: In this reinforcement schedule, the first response after a fixed amount of time elapses is reinforced.
variable reinforcer
Feedback: Reinforcers are not generally described as variable.
variable ratio
Feedback: In variable ratio schedules, access to reinforcement is determined by a variable number of responses, irrespective of time.
A schedule of reinforcement in which a specified but variable number of responses is needed for the delivery of the reinforcer.
a) fixed ratio
b) variable response
c) variable ratio
d) variable interval
e) variable reinforcer
c.) variable ratio
other feedback:
variable reinforcer
Feedback: Reinforcers are not generally described as variable.
variable interval
Feedback: This is a schedule of reinforcement in which the first response that occurs after a specified time interval is reinforced, regardless of how many responses have been emitted.
fixed ratio
Feedback: This is a reinforcement schedule, but the first response after a fixed (not variable) number of responses is reinforced.
variable response
Feedback: Responses are not typically defined as variable.
Provides reinforcement whenever the requirement of either a ratio schedule or an interval schedule - the basic schedules that make up the alternative schedule - is met, regardless of which of the component schedule’s requirements is met first.
Select one answer
a) intermittent reinforcer
b) alternative schedule
c) compound schedule of reinforcement
d) ratio schedule
e) chained schedule
b.) alternative schedule
other feedback:
intermittent reinforcer
Feedback: Intermittent refers to a schedule of reinforcement, not a type of reinforcer.
chained schedule
Feedback: While schedules of reinforcement are important in chaining procedures, chains are not defined in terms of any particular schedule.
compound schedule of reinforcement
Feedback: These are schedules of reinforcement that exist at the same time for two or more different behaviors.
ratio schedule
Feedback: This is a schedule of reinforcement where a reinforcing stimulus is delivered based on number of responses. The defined term is a broader term that can encompass specific ratio-based schedules.
A schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of two or more basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered.
a) conditioned negative reinforcer
b) alternative schedule
c) chained schedule
d) compound schedule of reinforcement
e) ratio schedule
c.) chained schedule
other feedback:
conditioned negative reinforcer
Feedback: A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a negative reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more negative reinforcers.
compound schedule of reinforcement
Feedback: These are schedules of reinforcement that exist at the same time for two or more different behaviors, irrespective to any kind of sequence.
ratio schedule
Feedback: This is a schedule of reinforcement where a reinforcing stimulus is delivered based on number of responses.
alternative schedule
Feedback: These schedules provide reinforcement whenever the requirement of either a ratio schedule or an interval schedule—the basic schedules that make up the alternative schedule—is met, regardless of which of the component schedule’s requirements is met first.
Schedules of reinforcement that exist at the same time for two or more different behaviors.
a) compound schedule of reinforcement
b) differential reinforcement
c) automatic reinforcement
d) independent reinforcement
e) continuous reinforcement
a.) compound schedule of reinforcement
other feedback:
differential reinforcement
Feedback: Differential reinforcement involves reinforcing certain response classes while placing others on extinction.
automatic reinforcement
Feedback: In these schedules, reinforcement occurs independent of the social mediation of others.
independent reinforcement
Feedback: Reinforcement is not defined in terms of being independent.
continuous reinforcement
Feedback: In this schedule of reinforcement, a reinforcing stimulus is provided for each response of the target behavior.
A compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence. No discriminative stimuli are correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time.
a) matching law
b) Premack principle
c) multiple schedule
d) mixed schedule
e) limited hold
d.) mixed schedule
other feedback:
multiple schedule
Feedback: In multiple schedules, a discriminative stimulus is correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule. The definition provided refers to a schedule where no discriminative stimuli are correlated with the presence or absence of each element.
matching law
Feedback: Matching law is concerned with the allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement. Rates of responding across choices are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received from each choice alternative.
limited hold
Feedback: Limited hold defines a situation in which reinforcement is available only during a finite time following the elapse of an FI or VI interval. In the definition provided, reinforcement can occur at any time the response requirements are in effect.
Premack principle
Feedback: According to the Premack Principle, the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior can occur once a low-probability behavior has been completed. This is not the best fit for the definition provided.
A compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence; a discriminative stimulus is correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time.
a) matching law
b) multiple schedule
c) free-operant avoidance
d) limited hold
e) mixed schedule
b) multiple schedule
other feedback:
matching law
Feedback: Matching law is concerned with the allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement. Rates of responding across choices are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received from each choice alternative.
free-operant avoidance
Feedback: This refers to an operant response, not a schedule of reinforcement.
limited hold
Feedback: Limited hold defines a situation in which reinforcement is available only during a finite time following the elapse of an FI or VI interval. In the definition provided, reinforcement can occur at any time the response requirements are in effect.
mixed schedule
Feedback: Mixed schedules are compound schedules of reinforcement but differs from the definition provided because no discriminative stimuli are correlated with the presence or absence of schedule elements.
A schedule that specifies which responses will be followed by delivery of the reinforcer. It may be continuous or intermittent.
a) tandem schedule
b) stimulus preference assessment
c) schedule thinning
d) schedule of reinforcement
e) reinforcer assessment
d.) schedule of reinforcement
other feedback:
tandem schedule
Feedback: This is a specific schedule that is similar to the chained schedule except that, like the mixed schedule, the tandem schedule does not use discriminative stimuli with the elements in the chain.
stimulus preference assessment
Feedback: This is a broad set of procedures used to determine if one or more stimuli may function to increase the rate of a specific behavior or behaviors when delivered following the occurrence of that behavior.
schedule thinning
Feedback: This refers to gradually increasing the response ratio, thus changing the contingency of reinforcement.
reinforcer assessment
Feedback: This term describes a process in which an item from a preference assessment is delivered contingent on a behavior to see if the behavior increases. It does not specify reinforcer delivery for any responses.
A process of changing a contingency of reinforcement by gradually increasing the response ratio or the extent of the time interval, which results in a lower rate of reinforcement per responses, time, or both.
a) schedule thinning
b) tandem schedule
c) schedule of reinforcement
d) response-deprivation hypothesis
e) reinforcer assessment
a) schedule thinning
other feedback:
tandem schedule
Feedback: This is a specific schedule that is similar to the chained schedule except that, like the mixed schedule, the tandem schedule does not use discriminative stimuli with the elements in the chain.
schedule of reinforcement
Feedback: This specifies which responses will be followed by delivery of the reinforcer. It does not focus on the gradual increase of response ratio or time interval.
response-deprivation hypothesis
Feedback: This includes a model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement.
reinforcer assessment
Feedback: This term describes a process in which an item from a preference assessment is delivered contingent on a behavior to see if the behavior increases.
A schedule of reinforcement identical to the chained schedule except that it does not use discriminative stimuli with the elements in the chain.
a) multiple schedules of reinforcement
b) mixed schedules of reinforcement
c) contingency assessment
d) chained schedule
e) tandem schedule
e) tandem schedule
other feedback:
mixed schedules of reinforcement
Feedback: This is a compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence. No discriminative stimuli are correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time.
multiple schedules of reinforcement
Feedback: This term refers to compound schedules of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence. A discriminative stimulus is correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time.
contingency assessment
Feedback: Contingency is not a term used to describe assessments in ABA.
chained schedule
Feedback: In a chained schedule, discriminative stimuli are used. This is not the case in the definition provided.
A reinforcer that is related to access to physical items, such as stickers, trinkets, school materials, trading cards, or small toys.
a) social reinforcer
b) edible reinforcer
c) sensory reinforcer
d) activity reinforcer
e) tangible reinforcer
e) tangible reinforcers
other feedback:
social reinforcer
Feedback: This is a type of reinforcer, but it relates to socially mediated interactions with others, not actions undertaken by the learner.
edible reinforcer
Feedback: This is a type of reinforcer, but it relates to access to desired foods or drinks.
sensory reinforcer
Feedback: This is a type of reinforcer, but it relates to sensory stimulation.
activity reinforcer
Feedback: This is a type of reinforcer, but it relates to access to desired activities, not objects.
A situation in which reinforcement is available only during a finite time following the elapse of an FI or VI interval. If the target response does not occur within the time limit, reinforcement is withheld and a new interval begins.
a) Premack principle
b) mixed schedule
c) limited hold
d) matching law
e) multiple schedule
c) limited hold
other feedback:
matching law
Feedback: This refers to the allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement. Rates of responding across choices are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received from each choice alternative.
Premack principle
Feedback: According to the Premack Principle, the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior can occur once a low-probability behavior has been completed. Reinforcement availability is not limited to a finite amount of time.
multiple schedule
Feedback: This is a compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence. A discriminative stimulus is correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time.
mixed schedule
Feedback: This describes a compound schedule of reinforcement and is not confined by any interval restrictions.
A component of some token economy systems in which participants advance up (or down) through a succession of levels contingent on their behavior at the current level.
a) total-task chaining
b) stimulus exemplars
c) level system
d) generalized conditioned reinforcer
e) token reinforcer
c) level system
other feedback:
generalized conditioned reinforcer
Feedback: These are items that may be used in token economies, but not a component of some token economy systems consisting of levels.
token reinforcer
Feedback: This is the specific reinforcer provided contingent on desirable behavior in a token economy.
total-task chaining
Feedback: This is a chaining procedure that is used to teach multiple steps of a terminal behavior.
stimulus exemplars
Feedback: Stimulus exemplars are not components of a token economy.
A device that automatically draws cumulative records (graph) that show the rate of response in real time; each time a response is emitted, a pen moves upward across paper that continuously moves at a constant speed.
a) standard celeration chart
b) trend
c) cumulative record
d) cumulative recorder
e) split middle line of progress
d.) cumulative recorder
other feedback:
trend
Feedback: The overall direction taken by a data path.
split middle line of progress
Feedback: A line drawn through a series of graphed data points that shows the overall trend in the data.
standard celeration chart
Feedback: A multiply-divide chart with six base-10 (or X 10, /10) cycles on the vertical axis that can accommodate response rates as low as 1 per 24 hours (0.000695 per minute) to as high as 1,000 per minute.
cumulative record
Feedback: A type of graph in which the cumulative number of responses emitted is represented on the vertical axis; the steeper the slope of the data path, the greater the response rate.
A two-dimensional graph with a logarithmic scaled y-axis so that equal distances on the vertical axis represent changes in behavior of equal proportion.
a) cumulative record
b) Standard Celeration Chart
c) semi-logarithmic chart
d) line graph
e) bar graph
c) semi logarithmic chart
other feedback:
cumulative record
Feedback: This is an equal-interval graph that records the total number of responses per observation period.
line graph
Feedback: This is an equal-interval graph that represents the relationship between measure of target behavior per unit of time.
bar graph
Feedback: This is an equal-interval graph that can be used to compare discrete sets of data.
Standard Celeration Chart
Feedback: This is a type of semi-logarithmic chart.
A type of graph in which the cumulative number of responses emitted is represented on the vertical axis; the steeper the slope of the data path, the greater the response rate.
a) histogram
b) line graph
c) scatterplot
d) bar graph
e) cumulative record
e) cumulative record
other feedback:
line graph
Feedback: This is a graph based on a Cartesian plane, a two-dimensional area formed by the intersection of two perpendicular lines. Any point within the plane represents a specific relation between two dimensions described by the intersecting lines.
bar graph
Feedback: This is a simple and versatile graphic format for summarizing behavioral data. It shares most of the line graph’s features, except that it does not have distinct data points representing successive response measures through time.
scatterplot
Feedback: This is a two-dimensional graph that shows the relative distribution of individual measures in a data set with respect to the variables depicted by the x and y axes.
histogram
Feedback: This is another name for a bar graph.
The absence of responding for a period of time following reinforcement. This effect is commonly produced by fixed interval (FI) and fixed ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement.
a) Premack principle
b) mixed schedules of reinforcement
c) limited hold
d) post-reinforcement pause
e) multiple schedules of reinforcement
d) post reinforcement pause
other feedback:
Premack principle
Feedback: According to the Premack principle, the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior can occur once a low-probability behavior has been completed. The defined term relates to an absence of responding, not the probability of responding.
limited hold
Feedback: This defines a situation in which reinforcement is available only during a finite time following the elapse of an FI or VI interval.
mixed schedules of reinforcement
Feedback: This is a compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence. No discriminative stimuli are correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time.
multiple schedules of reinforcement
Feedback: This term refers to compound schedules of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence. A discriminative stimulus is correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time.
A stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has not produced reinforcement in the past.
a) stimulus generalization
b) stimulus delta
c) discriminative stimulus
d) stimulus control
e) stimulus equivalence
b.) stimulus delta
other feedback:
stimulus generalization
Feedback: Stimuli that share similar properties tend to evoke the same type of behavior.
discriminative stimulus
Feedback: When the discriminative stimulus is present, reinforcement has been produced in the past.
stimulus control
Feedback: Stimulus control occurs when the rate, latency, duration, or amplitude of a response is altered in the presence of an antecedent stimulus.
stimulus equivalence
Feedback: Stimulus equivalence is the emergence of accurate responding to untrained and nonreinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following the reinforcement of responses to some stimulus-stimulus relations.
