week 3 Flashcards
health policy: narrow veiw
policies specifying how the health care system should be structured and run
health policy: wide veiw
policies in a non-health domain that can affect individual and population health
micro
routine day to day government operations
ex: increasing funding to community health centres
meso
operation of mid level institutions like advisory boards or government departments
ex: telehealth line
macro
broad issues like the general shape of political systems and how power is wielded
ex: creating national programs
pluralism
-interest groups are the most important unit of analysis
-groups vie for power to achieve goals and objectives
-dominant understanding and approach of advocacy groups trying to influence policy
-consensual and conflict free
new institutionalism what does it focus on
type of conensus model and is mirco meso level
political economy approach what does it focus on
crictical
and macro
pluralism what does it mediate
diverse social and economic intrests
pluralism supposes
that all groups have equal access so policy output is rational balancing of interests
what is the most influential theory in western societies and canada
pluralism
pluralism: liberal democracy
-political rights
-citizens access to political power
-responsiveness of the political system to provide rational public policy outcomes
eastons model
inputs–>government–> outputs
ex:
input:
- demands support resources
institutions of government:
outputs:
- goods and services
then there is a new and resived policy
kingdons policy stream convergence
problem: what things are need for change
policy proposals: solution and ideas are created, policy available at hand
politics: what gain acceptance
policy change window: main issue, policy option available and ppl in favouried then it will occur (the change can happen)
what does pluralism fail to consider
-the role of political power or ideology
-does not consider power relations and the existence of economic, political, and social inequalities
pluralism critiques
-offers simplistic explanations
-government parties can shut out the perspectives of other groups
new institutionalism
- consensus- driven political process
- pluralism + how institutions influence: policy discourse/debate, policy outcomes
- used to explain healthcare system in canada
- meso level
- doesnt look at how policy develops or changes over time
new institutionalism: political institutions
are independent forces that promote ideologies and restrict choices available to policymakers
-state and government structures that develop over time and persist
-formal rules of operation
-organizational structures
-standard operating procedures
historical institutionalism
-identifies conflict among competing groups for scarce resources as key to understanding politics
-focus on how political and economic structures may interact with each other & with current situations to produce outcomes where some interests are privileged, and other are ignored
new institutionalism critique
institutions constrain change so not best unit of analysis for explaining change
-minimizes degrees of policy change possible
-important to examine other social, political, and economic forces
Rational choice institutionalism
economic positioning of political actors in developing policy
Sociological institutionalism
how culture and norms determine influences on policy
political economy approach: understanding policy outcomes requires?
-focus on economic, political, and social structures
-focus on the distribtuion of power and resources between group and society
political economy approach
-concerned with the mode of production
-political economy perspective represent a critical social science perspective (ppl have power to change their environment)
-power shapes policy change–> influences the health of population
-feminist political economy
political economists are interested in
-the influence of neoliberalism as a governing political ideology
- how neoliberals has been associated with growing inequalities in health between different groups in developed political economies such as Canada, US, UK
main tenats of neoliberalism
1.markets perceived as most efficient in production and distribution of resources
2. societies’ are comprised of autonomous individuals + free to make their own choices
3. competition is primary source of innovation
4. governments should be very small
5.taxes should be low
6.there should be few government regulations
7.goal of society should be economic growth
