Week 3 Flashcards
Structure of a nucleotide
Nitrogenous base (adenine guanine, thymine, cytosine)
5 carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Difference in RNA from DNA
RNA has another oxygen on the sugar
DNA is double strand, RNA is single
RNA has a uracil instead of thymine
What nucleotides pair?
Cytosine with guanine are linked with 3 hydrogen bonds
Thymine and adenine link with 2 hydrogen bonds
What connects sugar backbone on DNA
Phosphate grouo
Where does replication and translation happen
Replication is in nucleus
Translation is in ribosomes
Process of protein synthesis
DNA is transcribed into RNA in nucleus, RNA leaves nucleus to go to ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs
Components of ribosome
Small and large subunits
tRNA reads mRNA making amino acids
Certain codes make certain amino acids
What do restriction enzymes do
They cut DNA at specific sequences making sticky ends
What joins sticker ends together
DNA ligase
DNA sequences are then replicated by recombinant plasmids leading to…
Cloning of vectors
Transformation definition for DNA
Insert plasmid into another organism, replicate DNA of interest
Cloning vector
DNA containing the gene of interest
Transgenic organisms
Has a Gene from another species (GMO)
What are the 3 main types of integration of transgenes into plants?
Well they are at random
1- electrophoresis- electronic pulses are used to create holes in cell membrane
2- physical bombardment - using DNA particles to transfer DNA by bombarding it with some sort of firearm
3- chemical treatment- deliver gene into cells by gene therapy
Transgenic plant applications
-resistance to disease, pests, herbicides
-increased nutritional value
-increase yield
-Increase longevity
-immunity to gylphosate
Issues for transgenic plants
Crop safety for humans
Movement of genes into wild relatives
Possible loss of biodiversity
Weeds resistance to glyphosate
What can be done with extracted DNA?
Structure/sequence/maps
Cut DNA and run gel
Identify functional genes
Comparative genetics (evolution)
Genetic engineering
What are physical maps
Information on relative distance between genes
What are genetic maps
Based on rates of recombination
Structural genomics
Organization and sequence of the genetic information
What is PCR?
polymerase chain reaction; it helps make DNA faster
What is gel electrophoresis used for and what are all the components
Uses electrical currents to seperate DNA fragments based on length
-gel is made of agarose and polyacrylamide
-submersed in buffer that can carry current
-DNA goes to positive pole (DNA is negatively charged)
-DNA is visualized with fluorescent dye
